GAZE AND THE VISUAL CONTROL OF FOOT PLACEMENT WHEN WALKING OVER ROUGH TERRAIN

项目概要和摘要 人类在自然环境中的运动需要各种水平的协调， 感觉运动层次，来自参与视觉信息处理的皮层区域 和高层次的规划，以皮质下和脊髓结构参与的调节， 步态和姿势。然而，尽管人类运动的神经基础复杂， 是高度规则的，围绕着基本的物理动力学和生物力学， 定义了在空间中移动两足身体的稳定性和能量消耗。有丰富 越来越多的文献描述了每个单独组件的详细知识， 包括神经机制，肌肉神经力学， 生物力学然而，很少有研究存在的方式，视觉输入是用来 动态控制运动，以及集成神经和 在复杂和动态的世界中自然运动的机械系统。这种缺乏 综合研究的局限性不仅限制了这些个体研究的影响范围， 学科，但也限制了我们制定适当的治疗计划的能力， 能力源于系统层面的因素，如衰老、中风和帕金森病。在 为了填补我们对人类运动知识的这一关键空白，有必要 开发一个综合的研究计划，检查视觉， 人类在世界上运动的神经和机械基础。为这位将军服务 目标，该提案概述了针对以下具体未回答问题的研究项目 在不同的地形上移动。这项建议包括三项具体的研究和培训 旨在通过视觉控制在崎岖地形上的运动。目标1侧重于行为 任务本身，目标2调查在现实世界的运动中经历的感官刺激， 目标3检查视觉指定目标到正在进行的步态周期中的运动整合。 目的1研究了环境不确定性和任务需求变化对凝视的影响 在真实世界的粗糙地形上运动期间的分配策略。目标2分析和 模拟了在真实世界的粗糙地形上运动时所经历的视觉刺激。目标3 确定视觉上指定的目标立足点和目标如何被整合到正在进行的 首选稳态步态。这些目标将大大促进我们对 人类如何使用视觉来控制他们在自然界中的运动，这极大地 提高我们对运动功能丧失进行临床诊断和治疗的能力。

PROJECT SUMMARY & ABSTRACT Human locomotion through natural environments requires the coordination of all levels of the sensorimotor hierarchy, from the cortical areas involved in processing of visual information and high level planning to the subcortical and spinal structures involved in the regulation of the gait and posture. However, despite the complex neural bases of human locomotion, the output is highly regular and well organized around the basic physical dynamics and biomechanics that define the stability and energetic costs of moving a bipedal body through space. There is a rich and growing body of literature describing detailed knowledge each of the individual components of human locomotion, including neural mechanisms, muscular neuromechanics, and biomechanics. However, very little research exists on the way that visual input is used to dynamically control locomotion, and the overall control structure of the integrated neural and mechanical system during natural locomotion through a complex and dynamic world. This lack of integrative research not only restricts the breadth of impact of research from these individual disciplines, but also limits our ability to develop adequate treatment plans for loss of locomotor ability deriving from systems-level factors such as aging, stroke, and Parkinson’s disease. In order to to fill this critical gap in our knowledge about human locomotion, it is necessary to develop an integrated research program that examines the interactions between the visual, neural, and mechanical bases of human movement through the world. In service of this general goal, this proposal outlines research projects aimed at specific unanswered questions about locomotion over different terrains. This proposal comprises three specific research and training aims on the visual control of locomotion over rough terrain. Aim 1 focuses on the behavioral task itself, Aim 2 investigates the sensory stimulus experienced during real-world locomotion, and Aim 3 examines the motor integration of visually specified goals into the ongoing gait cycle. Aim 1 investigates effects of changing environmental uncertainty and task demands on gaze allocation strategies during locomotion over real-world rough terrain. Aim 2 analyzes and models the visual stimulus experienced during locomotion over real-world rough terrain. Aim 3 determines how visually specified target footholds and targets are integrated into the ongoing preferred steady-state gait. Together these aims will significantly advance our understanding of how humans use vision to control their movement through the natural world, which greatly increase our ability to develop clinical diagnosis and treatment for loss of locomotor function.