Leveraging Bifactor Modeling to Test Prospective Direct and Mediational Effects of Adolescent Alcohol Use and Externalizing Symptoms on the Neurobiological Development of Executive Functioning

7.项目摘要/摘要 青春期是大脑基本成熟的时期。考虑到神经生物学的发展 在此期间，研究人员、政策制定者和家长主要关注的是 青少年饮酒(AU)对生活成功至关重要的认知能力，如执行功能(EF)。英孚 指的是一系列自上而下的支持注意力、注意力和行为的心理过程 条例第44条。英孚的健康发展对身心健康、学业成就、 和生活中的成功31，32。已有研究提出，青春期AU产生生理和神经生物学 破坏外汇储备健康发展的事件18，30。然而，对这种联系的支持参差不齐8，35。 模棱两可的支持可能是因为(1)过去的工作未能在更广泛的外部化背景下考虑非盟 症状和社会发展33-35，以及(2)缺少EF20、36的神经成像和行为任务测量。 青少年非盟往往发生在更广泛的外化症状(违规、攻击性)和 使用其他药物38，有证据表明外在症状通过以下途径破坏EF的健康发展 一种发展级联反应，涉及对多种环境(父母、同龄人、学校)的不良适应16，17。 同时使用药物也可能有直接的神经毒性作用，使EF7，13，18脱轨。因此，不良的EF具有 被归因于青少年AU的神经毒性效应实际上可能是由于这些其他共同发生的 行为。此外，对非盟-英孚协会的模棱两可的支持可能是由于相当大的异质性 在EF36的测量中。没有评估EF是否存在的“纯过程”措施102。因此，多方法 方法是必不可少的102，成瘾理论断言使用神经成像是至关重要的 以及测量EF101的任务方法。这一奖学金旨在为非盟-英孚文献提供澄清。我们 建议(1)区分一般外化症状和领域特定症状(包括AU， 攻击性、违规、吸毒)使用复杂的纵向双因素模型，(2)检查 一般外化症状和特定领域症状与EF之间的前瞻性关联 (通过功能磁共振和一项行为任务来衡量)青春期和成年期早期，以及(3)检查 跨几个社会环境(父母、同龄人和学校)的适应不良会在 在EF中外化症状和缺陷。酗酒者子女高危纵向抽样调查(N=3337) 来自密歇根州纵向研究的数据将被用来检验拟议的目标46。数据将包括以下项目的自我报告 Au、药物使用、外化症状和社会功能，以及fMRI扫描期间的EF行为任务 在从青春期早期到成年早期的四次浪潮中。我们的纵向数据将使我们能够检查 当EF的风险和保护因素可能特别突出时，通知干预的时机。结果 将促进我们对AU和共生外化症状以及社会适应的理解 影响EF的发展轨迹，并可能确定促进健康EF的重要干预目标。

7. PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Adolescence is a period of substantial brain maturation30. Considering the neurobiological development that occurs during this period, a central concern to researchers, policy makers, and parents is the impact of adolescent alcohol use (AU) on cognitive capacities critical to life success, like executive functioning (EF). EF refers to a family of top-down mental processes that support concentration, attention, and behavioral regulation44. Healthy development of EF is essential for mental and physical health, academic achievement, and success in life31,32. It has been proposed that adolescent AU produces physiological and neurobiological events that derail healthy EF development18,30. However, support for this association has been mixed8,35. Equivocal support may be due to (1) failure of past work to consider AU in the broader context of externalizing symptoms and social development33-35, and (2) lack of neuroimaging and behavioral task measures of EF20,36. Adolescent AU often occurs in a broader context of externalizing symptoms (rule-breaking, aggression) and other drug use38, and there is evidence that externalizing symptoms disrupt healthy development of EF through a developmental cascade that involves poor adaptation across multiple contexts (parenting, peers, school)16,17. Co-occurring drug use may also have direct neurotoxic effects that derail EF7,13,18. Hence, poor EF that has been attributed to the neurotoxic effects of adolescent AU may actually be due to these other co-occurring behaviors. Additionally, equivocal support for the AU-EF association may be due to considerable heterogeneity in measurement of EF36. No ‘‘process-pure’’ measures to assess EF exist102. Therefore, multimethod approaches are essential102 and theories of addiction assert that it is critically important to use neuroimaging and task methods to measure EF101. This fellowship seeks to provide clarity to the AU-EF literature. We propose to (1) distinguish general externalizing symptoms from domain specific symptoms (including AU, aggression, rule-breaking, drug use) using sophisticated longitudinal bifactor modeling, (2) examine prospective associations between general externalizing symptoms and domain specific symptoms, and EF (measured by fMRI and a behavioral task) across adolescence and early adulthood, and (3) examine whether poor adaptation across several social contexts (parents, peers, and school) mediates associations between externalizing symptoms and deficits in EF. A high-risk longitudinal sample (N=3,337) of children of alcoholics from the Michigan Longitudinal Study will be used to test the proposed aims46. Data will include self-reports of AU, drug use, externalizing symptoms, and social functioning, and an EF behavioral task during fMRI scanning at four waves spanning early adolescence to early adulthood. Our longitudinal data will allow us to examine when risk and protective factors to EF may be especially salient, informing the timing of interventions. Results will advance our understanding of how AU and co-occurring externalizing symptoms, and social adaptation impact trajectories of EF development, and may identity important intervention targets to promoting healthy EF.