Neighborhood characteristics and neurodevelopment: Risk and protective factors, and susceptibility to stressors and school disruption during the COVID-19 pandemic

项目摘要 社区是儿童和青少年发展的重要生态环境和社会环境 身体健康、心理健康和学业成绩的决定因素。研究已经开始阐明 邻里劣势与大脑结构、功能和行为之间的关系 执行功能(EF)、情绪调节(ER)和情绪处理，这可能有助于这些短时间- 以及健康和发展方面的长期差异。然而，目前还没有基于人群的研究表明 考察了邻里劣势和邻里劣势变化之间的关系， 通过神经发育的纵向变化来确定差异是扩大、缩小还是保持稳定 青春期，一个潜在的敏感期。此外，人们一直有限地考虑协会如何 可能在全国各地有所不同，因此它们是否具有广泛的重要性。此外，邻里风险可能 增加对主要压力源和学校教育中断的脆弱性，例如在新冠肺炎大流行期间。 这些与新冠肺炎相关的变化对弱势群体的影响不成比例，可能 加剧了与邻居相关的潜在神经发育系统的差异。最后，重要的是 要了解弹性，以及可能保护这两个邻居不受影响的可更改的背景因素 劣势和新冠肺炎的影响。这项提议将利用青少年的大脑和认知能力 发展(ABCD)研究，这是一项正在进行的纵向研究，特别适合于解决这些问题。 ABCD研究招募了来自美国21个地点的9-10岁儿童(n=11,878)的不同队列，包括 EF、ER和情绪处理的多模式神经发育测量和丰富的家庭测量， 学校和邻里环境，以及新冠肺炎相关影响的综合快速衡量。这 研究将利用ABCD队列中大流行开始的交错时间，这发生在 参与者之间的数据收集浪潮不同。这创造了一种准实验设计和研究 分为大流行前和大流行后发病阶段。在大流行前阶段，我们将确定 邻里劣势和邻里变化之间的关联与纵向变化 大脑和行为发育(目标1)。第二，我们将审查新冠肺炎大流行是否与 压力源和学校中断与大脑和行为的改变有关，并加剧了邻里关系 相关差异，大流行前的措施作为新冠肺炎后措施的控制。(目标2)。 最后，我们将阐明可改变的家庭、社区和学校因素，这些因素是调节和促进的 韧性(目标3)。因此，这项研究将确定与邻里关系相关的潜在神经发育途径 劣势和新冠肺炎，并确定可修改的上下文因素，这些因素是政策和 方案干预措施，以改善健康和福祉方面的差距，以及 新冠肺炎，同时为随后的流行病或灾难提供预防战略。

Project Summary Neighborhoods are an important ecological context for child and adolescent development and a social determinant of physical health, mental health, and school achievement. Research has begun to elucidate the associations between neighborhood disadvantage and brain structure, function, and behavior in relation to executive function (EF) emotion regulation (ER), and emotional processing which may contribute to these short- and long- term differences in health and development. Nevertheless, there are no population-based studies that have examined the relation between neighborhood disadvantage, and changes in neighborhood disadvantage, with longitudinal changes in neurodevelopment to determine if differences widen, narrow, or remain stable during adolescence, a potential sensitive period. Moreover, there has been limited consideration of how associations may vary across the country, and thus if they are of widespread importance. In addition, neighborhood risk may increase vulnerability to major stressors and disruptions in schooling, such as during the COVID-19 pandemic. These COVID-19 related changes have disproportionately impacted disadvantaged communities and may exacerbate neighborhood-related differences in underlying neurodevelopmental systems. Finally, it is important to understand resilience, and the modifiable contextual factors that may protect against both neighborhood disadvantage and the impact of COVID-19. This proposal will use the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, an ongoing longitudinal study that is uniquely suited to address these questions. The ABCD Study enrolled a diverse cohort of 9-10-year-old children (n = 11,878) across 21 U.S. sites, contains multimodal measures of neurodevelopment for EF, ER, and emotional processing and rich measures of family, school, and neighborhood contexts, as well integrated rapid measurement of COVID-19 related impacts. This study will capitalize on the staggered timing of the pandemic onset in the ABCD cohort, which occurred between varying waves of data collection across participants. This creates a quasi-experimental design with the study separated into a pre-pandemic and post-pandemic onset phase. In the pre-pandemic phase, we will determine the association between neighborhood disadvantage, and neighborhood change, with longitudinal change in brain and behavioral development (Aim 1). Second, we will examine if the COVID-19 pandemic, and associated stressors and school disruptions, are associated with brain and behavior change, and exacerbate neighborhood related differences, with pre-pandemic measures serving as controls for post-COVID-19 measures. (Aim 2). Finally, we will elucidate the modifiable family, community and school factors that serve as moderators and foster resilience (Aim 3). This study will thus identify potential neurodevelopmental pathways related to neighborhood disadvantage and COVID-19, and identify modifiable contextual factors that are potential targets for policy and programmatic interventions to ameliorate disparities in health and well-being, and the disparate impact of COVID-19, while informing prevention strategies for subsequent pandemics or disasters.