Racial inequalities in sleep deficiencies: The role of stress in the workplace

摘要 越来越多的文献记录了黑人成年人睡眠不足中的黑人-白人不平等现象 与白人成年人相比，他们睡眠更少，睡眠质量更低。因为睡眠卫生与健康息息相关， 睡眠不足的种族不平等可能是健康方面种族不平等的关键决定因素。种族 工作压力的不平等可能是睡眠不平等的关键，但人们对此研究不足，最终， 健康不平等。与所有种族群体一样，大多数黑人男性和女性都在劳动力大军中； 然而，与白人成年人相比，黑人成年人在职场上花费的时间更多，更有可能坚持 多份工作--拥有两份全职工作的可能性增加了一倍。与白人成年人相比，黑人成年人 倾向于从事客观上压力更大的职业，在这些职业中，他们的控制力较弱，体力较强 和情感需求，并报告更大程度的工作压力。虽然与工作相关的压力一直是 与睡眠不足有关的是，有必要检查更多种族突出的压力形式，如警惕， 或者美国黑人为了在日常生活中穿梭而参与的想法和行为 比如工作场所。大量的定性文献表明，黑人成年人经常预测和 担心日常生活中可能遇到的事情，比如在商店里被跟踪或做出假设 关于他们的智力或性格。对于睡眠不平等来说，警惕可能特别重要，因为它 捕捉到了种族突出和普遍存在的压力，其特征干扰了睡眠质量和 持续时间，包括：(A)预期应激，这预示着即使在没有应激的情况下生物应激也会增加 压力性事件；和(B)反思性压力，可将急性情况转变为慢性压力源。 使用现实世界和实验室设置，我们建议收集500名黑人男性和女性的数据，以 捕捉短暂的工作相关压力经历和长期的工作相关压力。我们建议 研究通过生态瞬间捕捉到的种族突出的、与工作相关的压力之间的联系 评估(EMA)和睡眠不足，通过自我报告和行动记录捕获。工作场所是 由于关注黑人中的经济向上流动，尤其与健康方面的种族不平等有关 美国人和多样性、公平和包容性倡议的增长，这些倡议可能会扩大不平等，因为 当黑人工人进入以白人为主的工作场所时，需要保持警惕。

Abstract A growing literature documents Black-White inequalities in sleep deficiencies with Black adults experiencing less sleep and lower sleep quality compared to White adults. Because sleep hygiene is tightly linked to health, racial inequalities in sleep deficiencies may be a key determinant of racial inequalities in health. Racial inequalities in work-related stress may be a key, but understudied driver of sleep inequalities and ultimately, health inequalities. As with all racial groups, the majority of Black men and women are in the labor force; however, compared to White adults, Black adults spend more time in the workplace, are more likely to hold multiple jobs – and twice as likely to hold two full-time jobs. Further compared to White adults, Black adults tend to be in occupations that are objectively more stressful, where they have less control and greater physical and emotional demands, and to report greater levels of stress at work. While work-related stress has been linked to sleep deficiencies, there is a need to examine more racially-salient forms of stress such as vigilance, or the thoughts and behaviors in which Black Americans may engage in order to navigate everyday spaces such as the workplace. A substantial qualitative literature indicates that Black adults regularly anticipate and worry about potential encounters in everyday life such as being followed in stores or having assumptions made about their intellect or character. Vigilance may be particularly important for sleep inequalities because it captures a racially-salient and prevalent for of stress with characteristics that interfere with sleep quality and duration, including: (a) anticipatory stress, which predicts increased biological stress even in the absence of a stressful event; and (b) ruminative stress, which can transform acute situations into chronic sources of stress. Using both real-world and laboratory settings, we propose to collect data from 500 Black men and women to capture both momentary work-related stressful experiences and chronic work-related stress. We propose to examine the linkages between racially-salient, work-related stress, captured through ecological momentary assessments (EMA), and sleep deficiencies, captured through self-report and actigraphy. The workplace is particularly relevant for racial inequalities in health due to focus on economic upward mobility among Black Americans and the growth of diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives that may widen inequalities due to the need for vigilance as Black workers join predominantly White workplaces.