Racial inequalities in sleep deficiencies: The role of stress in the workplace

摘要 越来越多的文献记录了黑人和白人在睡眠不足方面的不平等， 与白色成年人相比，睡眠更少，睡眠质量更低。因为睡眠卫生与健康息息相关， 睡眠不足方面的种族不平等可能是健康方面种族不平等的一个关键决定因素。种族 工作压力的不平等可能是一个关键，但睡眠不平等的驱动因素研究不足，最终， 健康不平等。与所有种族群体一样，大多数黑人男性和女性都在劳动力队伍中; 然而，与白色成年人相比，黑人成年人在工作场所花费的时间更多， 多份工作--拥有两份全职工作的可能性是原来的两倍。与白色成年人相比， 他们倾向于从事客观上压力更大的职业，在那里他们的控制力更弱，体力更强。 和情感需求，并报告更大的工作压力水平。虽然与工作有关的压力 与睡眠不足有关，有必要研究更具种族特征的压力形式，如警惕性， 或者美国黑人为了在日常生活中穿行而可能从事的思想和行为 比如工作场所。大量的定性文献表明，黑人成年人经常预测， 担心在日常生活中可能遇到的情况，例如在商店被跟踪或做出假设 关于他们的智力或性格。警惕可能对睡眠不平等特别重要，因为它 捕捉到了一种在种族上突出和普遍的压力，其特征是干扰睡眠质量， 持续时间，包括：（a）预期压力，即使在没有压力的情况下， 压力事件;和（B）沉思压力，其可以将急性情况转化为慢性压力源。 使用现实世界和实验室设置，我们建议收集500名黑人男性和女性的数据， 捕捉与工作有关的短暂压力体验和与工作有关的长期压力。我们建议 研究种族之间的联系，与工作有关的压力，通过生态瞬间捕捉 评估（EMA）和睡眠不足，通过自我报告和活动记录仪捕获。工作场所是 由于关注黑人的经济向上流动， 美国人和多样性，公平和包容性倡议的增长，可能会扩大不平等， 当黑人工人加入以白色为主的工作场所时，需要保持警惕。

Abstract A growing literature documents Black-White inequalities in sleep deficiencies with Black adults experiencing less sleep and lower sleep quality compared to White adults. Because sleep hygiene is tightly linked to health, racial inequalities in sleep deficiencies may be a key determinant of racial inequalities in health. Racial inequalities in work-related stress may be a key, but understudied driver of sleep inequalities and ultimately, health inequalities. As with all racial groups, the majority of Black men and women are in the labor force; however, compared to White adults, Black adults spend more time in the workplace, are more likely to hold multiple jobs – and twice as likely to hold two full-time jobs. Further compared to White adults, Black adults tend to be in occupations that are objectively more stressful, where they have less control and greater physical and emotional demands, and to report greater levels of stress at work. While work-related stress has been linked to sleep deficiencies, there is a need to examine more racially-salient forms of stress such as vigilance, or the thoughts and behaviors in which Black Americans may engage in order to navigate everyday spaces such as the workplace. A substantial qualitative literature indicates that Black adults regularly anticipate and worry about potential encounters in everyday life such as being followed in stores or having assumptions made about their intellect or character. Vigilance may be particularly important for sleep inequalities because it captures a racially-salient and prevalent for of stress with characteristics that interfere with sleep quality and duration, including: (a) anticipatory stress, which predicts increased biological stress even in the absence of a stressful event; and (b) ruminative stress, which can transform acute situations into chronic sources of stress. Using both real-world and laboratory settings, we propose to collect data from 500 Black men and women to capture both momentary work-related stressful experiences and chronic work-related stress. We propose to examine the linkages between racially-salient, work-related stress, captured through ecological momentary assessments (EMA), and sleep deficiencies, captured through self-report and actigraphy. The workplace is particularly relevant for racial inequalities in health due to focus on economic upward mobility among Black Americans and the growth of diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives that may widen inequalities due to the need for vigilance as Black workers join predominantly White workplaces.