INTEGRAL BIOSENSORS FOR NEUROCHEMICAL MONITORING

功能性电刺激（FES）中的一个普遍问题是 细胞外微环境的变化，伴随着长期的 电刺激可以引起可逆和不可逆的 组织损伤和神经功能障碍。 在本节目中，我们将 制作并评估一系列新型电化学生物传感器， 监测急性和慢性神经系统疾病期间的化学微环境 刺激. 这些生物传感器将采用电化学检测， 将分析物特异性酶的反应产物掺入到 水合氧化物电极基体 它们将被直接制作在 目前用于神经刺激的电极阵列的元件。 这些新工具将在神经假体研究中具有价值， 确定发生的化学失衡。 最终他们会 提供人工神经刺激的反馈控制装置， 长期植入的FES阵列的长寿命、永久性添加物。 第一阶段将证明确定脑脊液 液体成分（葡萄糖、乳酸盐、胆碱、谷氨酸盐、乙酰胆碱 和尿素）以及在现有的传感器上演示一个或多个传感器 皮质内电极阵列。 第二阶段将需要制定一个更广泛的 一系列用于额外CSF组分的改进生物传感器， 最佳刺激/生物传感器微制造阵列， 神经刺激过程中局部细胞外化学的研究， 新的微传感器

A general concern in functional electrical stimulation (FES) is the changes in the extracellular microenvironment that accompany long-term electrical stimulation that can give rise to reversible and irreversible tissue damage and to neural dysfunction. In this program we will fabricate and evaluate a novel series of electrochemical biosensors for monitoring the chemical microenvironment during acute and chronic neural stimulation. These biosensors will employ electrochemical detection of the reaction products of analyte-specific enzymes incorporated in a hydrous oxide electrode matrix. They will be fabricated directly onto elements of electrode arrays currently employed in neural stimulation. These new tools will be valuable in neural prosthesis research for determining chemical imbalances which occur. Ultimately they will provide means of feedback control of artificial neural stimulation as long-lived, permanent additions to chronically implanted FES arrays. Phase I will demonstrate the feasibility of determining cerebrospinal fluid components (glucose, lactate, choline, glutamate, acetylcholine and urea) and demonstration of one or more sensors on an existing intracortical electrode array. Phase II will entail developing a wider range of improved biosensors for additional CSF components, design of optimal stimulation/biosensor microfabricated arrays, and in vivo studies of local extracellular chemistry during neural stimulation using the new microsensors.