Food Rheology and Exercise in Aging Humans

描述(由申请者提供)：人类衰老通常与能量平衡调节受损以及不适当的体重和身体成分有关。在60岁以上的成年人中，大约38%的人超重，15%的人肥胖，20%的人体重偏低，20%-50%的人患有骨质疏松症。寻求安全有效的治疗方法来帮助老年人保持健康的体重和成分。初步研究表明，与吃固体食物相比，摄入液体形式的食物会引起较弱的食欲反应，葡萄糖、胰岛素和瘦素(可能还有神经肽Y和胆囊素)(各自调节食欲)的不同变化，以及下一餐食物摄入量的增加。因此，以液体形式摄入能量可能有助于体重过轻的老年人增加能量摄入量和体重，而固体的摄入应该更令人满足，有助于超重老年人保持或减轻体重。研究还表明，抵抗性运动(RE)和训练影响能量平衡的调节，有助于治疗骨质疏松症。有限的数据表明，稀土影响老年人对营养补充剂的饮食反应，当补充剂以液体形式与固体形式摄入时，可能会出现不同的反应。 这项建议需要三项研究，旨在更全面地记录65-90岁久坐或进行RE的老年人对产生能量的液体和固体的不同饮食反应，检查潜在的贡献机制，并测试这一知识的治疗应用。研究1将对比流质和固体食物摄取，再加上稀土，对饱腹感、饱腹感和进食的急性影响。研究2将通过评估液体食物与固体食物和RE对饱腹感的特定胃肠和内分泌调节因子(即葡萄糖、胰岛素、瘦素、神经肽Y、胆囊收缩素和胃肠道转运时间)的影响，记录解释研究1结果的潜在机制。研究3是一项交叉研究，包括两个为期8周的试验，将在久坐和耐力训练中评估老年人长期摄入液体和固体营养补充剂对食欲、膳食摄入量、能量消耗、体重和组成的影响，以及研究2中列出的饱腹感调节因素。记录久坐和RE老年人对产生能量的液体和固体食物的不同反应将为促进老年人安全有效地改变体重的综合建议提供坚实的基础。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Human aging is often associated with compromised regulation of energy balance and inappropriate body weight and body composition. Among adults older than 60 years, about 38% are overweight, 15% are obese, 20% are underweight, and 20-50% have sarcopenia. Safe and effective therapies to help elderly people maintain a healthy body weight and composition are sought. Pilot research shows that the ingestion of a food in fluid form elicits a weaker appetitive response, differential changes in glucose, insulin and leptin (and possibly neuropeptide Y and cholecystokinin) (each regulators of appetite), and an increase in food intake at the next meal, compared to eating a solid food. Thus, the ingestion of energy as fluids might help underweight elderly people increase energy intake and body weight, while the ingestion of solids should be more satiating and help overweight elderly people maintain or lower body weight. Research also shows that resistive exercise (RE) and training influence the regulation of energy balance and help to treat sarcopenia. Limited data indicate that RE influences the dietary response to nutrient supplementation in elderly people, and that different responses might occur when the supplement is consumed in fluid vs. solid form. This proposal entails three studies designed to more fully document the differential dietary responses to energy-yielding fluids vs. solids in 65-90 year-old persons who are sedentary or perform RE, to examine potential contributory mechanisms, and to test the therapeutic application of this knowledge. Study 1 will contrast the acute effects of fluid and solid food ingestion, coupled with RE, on satiation, satiety, and feeding. Study 2 will document potential mechanisms to explain findings from Study 1 by assessing fluid vs. solid foods and RE on specific gastrointestinal and endocrine regulators of satiety (i.e., glucose, insulin, leptin, neuropeptide Y, cholecystokinin and gastrointestinal transit time). Study 3, a cross-over study with two 8-week trials, will assess in sedentary and resistive training elderly persons the effects of the chronic intake of fluid vs. solid nutritional supplements on appetite, dietary intake, energy expenditure, body weight and composition, and the regulators of satiety listed in Study 2. Documentation of differential responses to energy-yielding fluid and solid foods in sedentary and RE elderly people will provide a strong foundation for integrative recommendations to promote safe and effective weight changes in elderly people.