Love, Marriage, and HIV: Gender and HIV Risk

描述（申请人提供）：目的：对于世界上许多地方的妇女来说，使她们面临艾滋病毒感染最大风险的行为是婚内无保护的性行为。拟议的比较人种学研究将探讨社会和文化因素如何影响婚姻和婚外亲密关系，并审查在艾滋病毒流行的不同阶段的国家的五个地点参与建立这些关系的男子和妇女的性和艾滋病毒预防做法。通过详细的过程中，环境因素塑造妇女的婚姻艾滋病毒感染的风险，这项研究将有助于我们了解如何减少异性性传播艾滋病毒的风险。 背景和意义：这项研究以三个前提为指导：已婚男子在维持艾滋病毒异性传播方面的作用没有得到充分探讨;传播一夫一妻制伴侣婚姻的意识形态可能会使已婚妇女处于特别危险的境地，关于社会，经济，性关系的情感背景可以为性别不平等与经济不平等相结合的途径提供重要的见解。组织和新出现的婚姻爱情意识形态使妇女面临婚姻传播艾滋病毒的风险。 研究方法：选择了代表艾滋病毒流行不同阶段的五个发展中国家地点进行研究：Degollado、哈利斯科Tari、巴布亚新几内亚、Soc Son、越南、乌巴卡拉、尼日利亚和乌干达的Bulubandi。在每个地点，研究人员将使用人种学方法来研究艾滋病毒婚姻传播风险的社会和文化决定因素。我们预计总共有200个半结构化的人种学访谈与系统的人种学样本的男性和女性（每个网站40）和100个婚姻案例的历史（每个网站20），将收集超过6个月的参与者观察。对于每个现场，人种学数据将使用多层次编码过程进行分析，将特定的态度和行为与关系和宏观层面的因素联系起来。将汇总人种学研究结果，对各研究中心的关键主题和结果进行分析。 暗示：婚姻等于一夫一妻制的假设可能会让女性付出生命的代价。该项目的数据将用于追踪男女建立性关系和面临艾滋病毒风险的社会和意识形态背景，并制定关于文化上适当的、对性别问题敏感的干预措施的建议，以减少这种风险。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Objective: For women in many parts of the world, the behavior that puts them at greatest risk for HIV infection is unprotected sex within marriage. The proposed comparative ethnographic study will explore how social and cultural factors influence marital and extramarital intimate relationships and examine the sexual and the HIV prevention practices of men and women engaged in building these relationships across five locations in countries at different stages of the HIV epidemic. By detailing the processes through which contextual factors shape women's risk of marital HIV infection, this study will contribute to our understanding of ways to reduce the risk of heterosexual HIV transmission. Background and Significance: The study is guided by three premises: that the role of married men in sustaining heterosexual transmission of HIV has been insufficiently explored; that spreading ideologies of monogamous companionate marriage may put married women at particular risk, and that culturally specific knowledge about the social, economic, and emotional context of sexual relationships can provide important insight into the avenues through which gender inequality combines with economic organization and emerging ideologies of marital love to put women at risk for marital HIV transmission. Methods: Five developing country sites representing different stages of the HIV epidemic have been selected for study: Degollado, Jalisco Tari, Papua New Guinea, Soc Son, Vietnam, Ubakala, Nigeria, and Bulubandi, Uganda. In each site, researchers will use ethnographic methods to examine the social and cultural determinants of the risk of marital transmission of HIV. We anticipate totals of 200 semi-structured ethnographic interviews with a systematic ethnographic sample of men and women (40 per site) and 100 marital case histories (20 per site), to be collected over 6 months of participant observation. For each field site, ethnographic data will be analyzed using a multilevel hierarchical coding process to relate specific attitudes and behaviors to relationship- and macro-level factors. The ethnographic findings will be pooled to conduct an analysis of key themes and findings across sites. Implications: The assumption that marriage equals monogamy may be costing women their lives. Data from this project will be used to trace the social and ideological contexts within which men and women build sexual relationships and become exposed to HIV risk and to develop proposals for culturally appropriate, gender-sensitive interventions to reduce this risk.