tRNA Processing

描述(申请人提供)：tRNA是为其在翻译中的作用而精心设计的，因为它们的整体结构足够统一，供翻译机构使用，但在翻译过程中，它们又足够不同，用于特定的氨基酰化和特定的解码。TRNA是迄今为止在细胞中发现的最常见的RNA物种，它的成熟需要广泛的加工和大量的修饰。在酿酒酵母中，胞质tRNA平均含有13个修饰残基，不同的tRNA总共有25个不同的化学修饰。这些tRNA修饰在不同的生物体中非常保守，包括人类。然而，许多修饰的作用一直难以理解，特别是对于大量远离反密码子的修饰，因为相应的突变没有明显的表型。该项目的长期目标是确定在酵母中发现的tRNA修饰的作用。该实验室已经证明，在tRNA中缺乏m7G的酵母突变体(trm8或trm82突变体)以及缺乏远离反密码子的其他七种修饰中的任何一种，在高温下都有严重的生长缺陷，而缺乏这些修饰的其他组合的细胞没有缺陷。特别是，缺乏m7G和M5C的trm8 trm4突变体在高温下死亡，因为它们的tRNAVal(AAC)被作用于成熟tRNA的先前未知的质量控制途径迅速降解。这是第一次描述了一种移除细胞中成熟tRNA的途径，这一途径不同于之前描述的唯一一种tRNA质量控制途径，即通过聚(A)聚合酶Trf4和核外切体作用于细胞核中的前-tRNA。该实验室还研究了在几乎所有生物中tRNAHis 5‘端的-1位(G-1)上发现的唯一额外鸟嘌呤核苷酸残基的形成，这一位置在绝大多数tRNAs中通常是空的。将G-1添加到tRNAHis中的必需tRNAHis鸟苷酸转移酶(Thg1)被鉴定出来，它通过其反密码子识别tRNAHis，并在本实验室被证明催化了一种异常的逆转3‘-5’聚合酶活性，其他人也参与了细胞周期的进展。这项提议有四大目标。(1)鉴定trm8trm4突变体中tRNAVal(AAc)降解途径的组成成分；(2)确定tRNAVal(AAc)的降解机制。(3)研究Thg1在细胞中的基本作用以及G-1对tRNAHis功能的重要性，以及(4)确定其他修饰的作用。最近，一些修饰和tRNA加工酶被认为与影响人类健康的疾病有关。拟议的研究应该能揭示人类的这些过程。细胞中所有蛋白质的叙述性合成需要通过核糖体中的转移RNA(TRNA)来解码信使RNA。最近的研究表明，许多人类健康状况和疾病与处理tRNA并催化形成tRNA修饰的酶的缺陷有关，而tRNA修饰对tRNA在细胞中的功能至关重要。本项目旨在研究tRNA修饰在模式真核生物酿酒酵母中的作用，从而有可能更详细地研究tRNA的加工和修饰，以便随后应用于人类条件。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): tRNAs are exquisitely designed for their role in translation, since their overall structures are uniform enough for comparable use by the translation apparatus, yet different enough for specific aminoacylation and specific decoding during translation. tRNA is by far the most common RNA species found in cells, and its maturation requires extensive processing and a large number of modifications. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the average cytoplasmic tRNA bears 13 modified residues, and there are a total of 25 different chemical modifications in different tRNAs. These tRNA modifications are very highly conserved in different organisms, including humans. However, understanding the roles of many modifications has been elusive, particularly for the large number that are remote from the anticodon, because the corresponding mutants have no obvious phenotype. The long term goal of this project is to define the roles of tRNA modifications found in yeast. This laboratory has shown that yeast mutants lacking m7G in their tRNA (trm8 or trm82 mutants) and lacking any one of seven other modifications remote from the anticodon, have severe growth defects at elevated temperature, whereas cells that lack other combinations of these modifications have no defect. In particular, trm8 trm4 mutants, which lack m7G and m5C, die at elevated temperature because their tRNAVal(AAC) is rapidly degraded by a previously undescribed quality control pathway that acts on mature tRNA. This is the first description of a pathway that removes mature tRNA in the cell, and this pathway differs from the only other previously described tRNA quality control pathway, which acts instead on pre-tRNA in the nucleus through the poly(A) polymerase Trf4 and the nuclear exosome. This laboratory has also examined formation of the unique extra guanine nucleotide residue found at the -1 position (G-1) of the 5' end of tRNAHis in virtually all organisms, a position that is normally unoccupied in the vast majority of tRNAs. The essential tRNAHis guanylyltransferase (Thg1) that adds G-1 to tRNAHis was identified, shown to recognize tRNAHis through its anticodon, and shown to catalyze an unusual reverse 3'-5' polymerase activity in this laboratory, and implicated by others in cell cycle progression. This proposal has four broad aims. (1) To identify the components of the tRNAVal(AAC) degradation pathway in trm8 trm4 mutants (2) To determine the mechanism of tRNAVal(AAC) degradation. (3) To examine the essential roles of Thg1 in the cell and the importance of G-1 for tRNAHis function, and (4) To identify the roles of other modifications. Recently, several modifications and tRNA processing enzymes have been implicated in conditions that affect human health. The proposed studies should cast light on these processes in humans.PROJECT NARRATIVE Synthesis of all proteins in cells requires decoding of the messenger RNA by transfer RNA (tRNA) in the ribosome. Recent studies have shown that a number of human health conditions and diseases are associated with defects in enzymes that process tRNA and catalyze the formation of tRNA modifications that are important for its function in the cell. This project is directed toward study of the role of tRNA modifications in the model eukaryotic organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in which it is possible to study tRNA processing and modifications in great detail, for subsequent application to human conditions.