Hair and toenail nicotine as biomarkers of actual population exposure to tobacco

描述（由申请人提供）：吸烟是最可预防的癌症风险，是导致肺癌成为全球发病率最高的原因。烟草与癌症关系的研究依赖于烟草暴露评估的问卷数据，这些数据主观且不准确。因此，烟草暴露导致癌症的真实风险预计将高于文献报道的风险，并将导致低风险的无效结果。烟草暴露的生物标志物提供了补充的客观措施，可以改善烟草暴露评估。更广泛使用生物标志物的一些障碍是缺乏基于人口的参考值，用于确定与健康结果有关的接触标准或截止点。对于烟草暴露，血清、唾液和尿液中的可替宁生物标志物比其他生物标志物更广泛地使用，因为它们确实存在人群值。然而，这些生物标志物是有影响的。然而，对头发和趾甲尼古丁水平的人群水平以及一般人群中健康个体的总体变异性知之甚少。本申请的目的是评估参与加州烟草调查的加州健康一般人群中头发和脚趾甲尼古丁的平均人群水平及其变异性。将从2008年调查中随机抽取500名参与者，通过电话采访烟草暴露相关问题，并通过邮件收集头发和脚趾甲样本。将要求100名参与者的子样本发送唾液可替宁样本，以与脚趾甲和头发尼古丁水平进行比较，以获得灵敏度和特异性。我们还将评估最能预测这些生物标志物的问卷变量，以确定癌症相关研究的适用性。这项研究的结果将有助于标准化这些生物标志物水平，并为未来更广泛的使用提供参考值，并将有助于完善加州烟草调查和其他人口调查的吸烟流行率，以及改善癌症风险的预测。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Tobacco smoke is the single most preventable risk of cancer and is responsible for lung cancer being the highest in incidence worldwide. Research on the association between tobacco and cancer relied on questionnaire data for tobacco exposure assessment which are subjective and inaccurate. Therefore, the true risk of cancer from tobacco exposure is expected to be higher than what is reported in the literature and would lead to null findings for low risks. Biomarkers of tobacco exposure offer complementary objective measures that can improve exposure assessment of tobacco. Some of the obstacles to wider use of biomarkers are the lack of population based reference values for determination of standards of exposure or cut-off points in relation to health outcomes. For tobacco exposure, serum, saliva and urine cotinine biomarkers have been more widely used than others because population values do exist for them. However, these biomarkers are influsure. However, little is known about the population levels of hair and toenail nicotine levels and the overall variability among healthy individuals in the general population. The aim in this application is to assess mean population levels of hair and toenail nicotine and their variability in a healthy general population in California participating in the California Tobacco Survey. A total of 500 participants will be randomly selected from the 2008 Survey and interviewed by phone on tobacco exposure related questions and hair and toenail samples collected by mail. A subsample of 100 participants will be asked to send salivary cotinine samples to be compared to toenail and hair nicotine levels for sensitivity and specificity purposes. We will also assess questionnaire variables that best predict these biomarkers to determine suitability for cancer related studies. Results from this study would help standardize these biomarker levels and provide reference values for wider future use and s will assist in refining the prevalence of smoking for the California Tobacco Survey and other population surveys as well as improve the prediction of cancer risk.