Memory-Induced Performance Costs in Amnesia

描述(由申请人提供)：这项提案代表了一项对记忆导致的健忘症性能成本的系统调查。直到最近，对健忘症中剩余记忆容量的研究一直集中在一次经历对随后的任务表现可能产生的促进作用上。然而，最近对正常认知的研究强调了这样一个事实，即经验诱导的易化是有代价的：一个刺激的处理能力增强，往往伴随着另一个刺激的处理能力受损。令人惊讶的是，关于健忘症患者是否以及在什么情况下表现出记忆诱导的表现代价，人们几乎不知道，这一点在正常认知中已经观察到了。本研究由一个框架指导，该框架区分了三种记忆诱导的性能成本：1)那些是在名义上内隐记忆任务中操作的外显记忆过程的产物；2)那些是内隐记忆过程的产物，并且可能被外显记忆过程反对；以及3)那些是增强刺激选择的抑制性控制过程的结果，并且独立于外显记忆操作。我们预测，第一次健忘症的表现成本将受损或消失，第二次为正常或高于正常，第三次为内侧颞叶健忘症为正常，但在Korsakoff健忘症中为受损。更好地理解健忘症患者有或没有表现出记忆诱导的绩效成本的情况，将有助于阐明健忘症患者备用记忆容量的范围和性质，并将约束关于正常认知中绩效成本潜在机制的理论。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This proposal represents a systematic investigation of memory-induced performance costs in amnesia. Until recently, investigations of spared memory capacities in amnesia have focused on the facilitatory effects that an experience can have on subsequent task performance. Recent studies in normal cognition, however, have highlighted the fact that experience-induced facilitation comes at a price: Enhanced processing of one stimulus is often accompanied by impaired processing of another. Surprisingly little is known about whether and under what conditions amnesic patients show the memory-induced performance costs that have been observed in normal cognition. The present studies are guided by a framework that distinguishes among three kinds of memory-induced performance costs: 1) those that are the product of explicit memory processes operating in nominally implicit memory tasks; 2) those that are the product of implicit memory processes and that may be opposed by explicit memory processes; and 3) those that are the consequence of inhibitory control processes that enhance stimulus selection, and that operate independently of explicit memory. We predict that performance costs in amnesia will be impaired or absent in the first instance, normal or greater-than-normal in the second instance, and normal in medial temporal-lobe amnesia but impaired in Korsakoff amnesia in the third instance. A better understanding of the conditions under which amnesic patients do or do not show memory-induced performance costs will elucidate the scope and nature of spared memory capacities in amnesia, and will constrain theories about the mechanisms underlying performance costs in normal cognition.