Combinations of genetic and environmental risk for externalization in adolescence

描述(由申请人提供)：尽管已在各种社会和生物前体与青春期的危险、非法或精神病态行为之间建立了可靠的联系，但这些因素如何结合的流行病学和病因学细节仍有待详细了解。目前有几个非常详细的数据集，涵盖了多个队列、文化和种族。我们建议利用现有的四个数据集中独特的和尚未开发的潜力：澳大利亚双胞胎注册表、弗吉尼亚州30,000、Add Health和非共享环境和青少年发展项目。尽管这些数据集都包含与解释青春期发育障碍相关的变量，但它们是以不同的侧重点收集的，从社会和心理到生物和遗传。当前应用的中心主题是，家庭数据包括父母与子女、兄弟姐妹和双胞胎之间的生物和社会关系，为了解在青少年发育过程中结合起来的生物和社会因素的复杂相互作用提供了一个独特的窗口。该申请描述了一项综合研究计划，结合了行为遗传学、发展精神病理学和家庭社会发展方面的核心研究人员的方法论和实质性专业知识。自始至终，我们的目标是通过使用遗传信息丰富的家庭数据来扩展青春期发展社会科学的范围，同时通过超越传统的方差划分方法来扩展发展行为遗传学的范围，将遗传信息方法应用于测试关于复杂发育系统中因果关系的特定问题。公共卫生相关性：众所周知，家庭功能和社会环境(如社区)的许多方面与青春期的行为障碍有关。此外，有大量明确的证据表明，儿童的生物特征与行为障碍之间存在关联。然而，与青春期问题行为有关的社会和生物联系至少有两种原因，能够区分它们是至关重要的。一方面，可能是社会或生物预测因素实际上导致了被扰乱的行为；另一方面，也可能是因为其他因素，预测因素与结果有关。例如，如果贫困家庭对孩子提供的监督较少，而贫困也导致孩子更有可能表现出行为，那么即使不是直接导致的，监督也会与表现出来的行为相关。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Although reliable associations have been established among a wide variety of social and biological precursors and risky, illegal, or psychopathological behavior in adolescence, the epidemiological and etiological details of how these factors combine remain to be understood in detail. Several extraordinarily detailed datasets are currently available, encompassing multiple cohorts, cultures and ethnicities. We propose to make use of unique and untapped potential in four existing datasets: The Australian Twin Registry, The Virginia 30,000, Add Health, and the Nonshared Environment and Adolescent Development project. Although the datasets all contain variables relevant to the explanation of disrupted development in adolescence, they have been collected with different emphases, ranging from the social and psychological to biological and genetic. The central theme of the current application is that family data, encompassing biological and social relations among parents and children, siblings, and twins, provides a unique window on the complex interplay of biological and social factors that combine in adolescent development. The application describes an integrated program of research combining the methodological and substantive expertise of a core group of investigators in behavioral genetics, developmental psychopathology, and social development in families. Throughout, our goal is to extend the limits of developmental social science in adolescence by employing genetically informative family data, while extending the scope of developmental behavioral genetics by getting beyond traditional variance partitioning approaches, applying genetically informative methods to the testing of specific questions about causal relations in complex developmental systems. Public Health Relevance: It is well-known that many aspects of family functioning and social environments like neighborhoods are associated with disrupted behavior in adolescence. In addition, there is a clear body of evidence demonstrating associations between biological characteristics of children and disrupted behavior. Both social and biological associations with problem behaviors in adolescence, however, can occur for at least two kinds of reasons, and it is crucial to be able to tell them apart. On the one hand it may be that the social or biological predictors actually cause the disrupted behavior; on the other hand, it could also turn out that the predictors are associated with the outcomes because of other factors. For example, if impoverished families provide less supervision to their children, and poverty also causes the children to be more likely to act out, lower supervision will be associated with acting out even though it does not cause it directly.