Structural Studies of the Autophagic Ubiquitin-Like Proteins

描述(由申请人提供)：自噬-溶酶体降解机制通过去除有害的细胞质物质，如受损的细胞器和未折叠的蛋白质聚集体，有助于维持细胞的动态平衡。这些物质的积累是人类病理的主要原因之一，如神经退行性变、心脏病、癌症和感染。自噬是由被称为自噬小体的特殊双膜小泡的形成启动的，它隔离并将这些物质运输到溶酶体内进行降解。自噬蛋白如何发挥功能以产生自噬小体，以及细胞毒物质如何被自噬小体选择性地作为靶标，目前尚不清楚。这项拟议的研究试图利用生化和结构工具的组合来确定自噬体形成的关键分子机制。这些项目的重点是自噬特异性泛素样蛋白(UBL)、Atg8和Atg12的机制。这些UBL通过控制独特的膜动力学，在自噬小体的形成过程中起着关键作用。在目标1中，我们将识别和表征催化Atg8脂结合的E1-E2-E3级联反应中的关键相互作用。将在生物物理水平上研究E1-E2和E2-E3的通讯。包含独特的E2-E3成分的分子结构将通过X射线结晶学确定。在目标2中，我们将确定Atg8脂化的膜和底物识别机制。核磁共振和荧光光谱将用于确定识别的结构机制。在目标3中，我们将使用新开发的膜系留分析、核磁共振和生化实验来定义Atg8介导的膜动力学的结构和生化要求。这些目标的结果将提供对自噬UBL功能的机械性理解，并将朝着全面描述自噬小体的形成迈出一大步。这项工作将不仅对自噬领域产生影响，还将对生物学的广泛领域产生影响。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The autophagy-lysosome degradation mechanism contributes to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by removing harmful cytoplasmic materials, such as damaged organelles and unfolded protein aggregates. The accumulation of these materials is among the primary causes of human pathologies, such as neurodegeneration, heart disease, cancer, and infection. Autophagy is initiated by the formation of specialized double-membrane vesicles termed autophagosomes, which sequester and transport such materials to lysosomes for degradation. How autophagy proteins function to generate autophagosomes and how cytotoxic materials are selectively targeted by autophagosomes are unknown. The proposed research seeks to identify key molecular mechanisms underlying autophagosome formation using a combination of biochemical and structural tools. The projects are focused on mechanisms of the autophagy-specific ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls), Atg8 and Atg12. These Ubls play pivotal roles in autophagosome formation by controlling the unique membrane dynamics. In Aim 1, we will identify and characterize key interactions in the E1-E2-E3 cascade that catalyze the Atg8 lipid conjugation. The E1-E2 and E2-E3 communication will be studied at a biophysical level. Molecular structures containing components of the unique E2-E3 will be determined by X-ray crystallography. In Aim 2, we will determine the membrane and substrate recognition mechanism for Atg8 lipidation. NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy will used to identify structural mechanisms of the recognition. In Aim 3, we will define the structural and biochemical requirements of Atg8-mediated membrane dynamics using a newly developed membrane tethering assay, NMR, and biochemical experiments. The results from these aims will provide mechanistic understanding of the functions of autophagic Ubls and will be a large step toward comprehensive description of autophagosome formation. The impact of the work will be not only on the autophagy field but also on a broad range of biology.