Life Stress Pathways and Resilience to Substance Misuse in Black and White Youth

已知，在发育过程中暴露于生活应激源会增加青春期物质的可能性 滥用，但少数黑人和白人青年的比较揭示了一个悖论。而黑色 青年比白人青年更有可能经历社会经济劣势形式的压力源， 创伤事件和歧视，通常是在结构性种族主义的背景下，研究表明，他们的 几乎所有类型物质滥用的比率。这一悖论可能会产生健康后果，例如，通过 在与药物滥用作斗争的黑人个人中造成耻辱，因为不利的 物质滥用的后果一旦开始，对黑人的影响比白人更严重。然而， 在知识方面存在重大差距，并将在拟议的研究中加以解决。人们对此知之甚少 不同类型、时间和轨迹的压力暴露，包括与正在进行的 新冠肺炎大流行，可以不同地预测黑人和白人青年滥用药物(目标1)，以及 可能通过不同的中介机制(目标2)，包括育儿、神经认知功能、 和精神变态学。此外，重要的是要了解促进韧性的保护因素，这些因素可能 对黑人滥用物质的压力相关风险的缓冲比白人更强(目标3)。这 应用程序建议延长正在进行的蜡烛(影响神经认知发育和 儿童早期学习)研究。坎特尔是一项纵向队列研究，涉及1136名招募的女性 2006-2011年，在田纳西州孟菲斯市谢尔比县，怀孕第二个三个月，并 他们和他们的孩子在整个童年时期出生。样本是60%的黑色和34%的白色，其中 反映其他种族/少数族裔群体的小额余额。收集了大量的多方法数据 在胎儿期和8岁以下的儿童期。在儿童10岁时与双胞胎一起去诊所就诊是 即将完工，另一次12岁时资助的诊所就诊正在进行中。拟议的研究将收集 14岁、15岁和16岁青春期的新数据，以检查生活应激源与发病和 与白人青年相比，黑人滥用物质的进展，通过测试差异以及 在调节途径和复原力因素方面的相似性。此外，还将探讨性别差异。当地的忠告 黑人社区成员和倡导者委员会已经成立，并将帮助指导这项研究。 在少数人压力模型和成瘾压力应对理论的指导下，中心假设是， 尽管存在黑白悖论，但不同的生活压力暴露模式将预测物质滥用对两者的影响 黑人和白人青年，通过选定的特定群体调解机制运作；基于复原力 理论上，黑人青年也应该表现出某些独特的对抗物质的韧性模式 滥用。蜡烛是独一无二的，目前的目标有望为量身定做的预防工作提供信息。

Exposure to life stressors across development is known to increase the likelihood of adolescent substance misuse, but the few available comparisons of Black and White youth have revealed a paradox. Whereas Black youth are more likely than White youth to experience stressors in the form of socioeconomic disadvantage, traumatic events, and discrimination, often within a context of structural racism, studies show they have lower rates of nearly all types of substance misuse. This paradox could have health consequences, for example, by contributing to stigma among Black individuals who do struggle with substance misuse, because the adverse consequences of substance misuse, once initiated, are more severe for Blacks than Whites. However, significant gaps in knowledge exist and will be addressed in the proposed study. Little is known about how the different types, timing, and trajectories of stress exposures, including those associated with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, may differentially predict substance misuse for Black and White youth (Aim 1), and potentially through different mediating mechanisms (Aim 2), including parenting, neurocognitive functioning, and psychopathology. Also, it is important to understand the resilience-promoting protective factors that may be stronger buffers against stressor-related risk for substance misuse for Blacks than Whites (Aim 3). This application proposes to extend the ongoing CANDLE (Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning in Early Childhood) study. CANDLE is a longitudinal cohort study involving 1,136 women recruited from 2006-2011 in Shelby County/Memphis, TN during their second trimesters of pregnancy, and has followed them and their children upon birth throughout childhood. The sample is 60% Black and 34% White, with the small balance reflecting other racial/ethnic minority groups. Extensive multi-method data have been collected during the prenatal period and through childhood up to age 8 years. A clinic visit with dyads at child age 10 is nearing completion and another funded clinic visit at age 12 is underway. The proposed research will collect new data in adolescence at ages 14, 15, and 16 years to examine life stressors in relation to the onset and progression of substance misuse for Black compared to White youth, with tests of differences as well as similarities in mediating pathways and resilience factors. Sex differences also will be explored. A local advisory board of Black community members and advocates has already been formed and will help guide this study. Guided by the minority stress model and stress-coping theories of addiction, the central hypotheses are that, despite a Black-White paradox, different patterns of life stress exposures will predict substance misuse for both Black and White youth, operating through selected group-specific mediating mechanisms; based on resiliency theory, Black youth also are expected to display certain unique patterns of resilience against substance misuse. CANDLE is one-of-a-kind, and the current aims hold promise for informing tailored preventive efforts.