Implications of Parental Incarceration for Child Health and Wellbeing

项目摘要 拟议的项目将调查母亲和父亲被监禁对儿童的影响。 儿童从出生到成年的健康和福祉。迄今为止最严格的研究 还没有达成共识的规模，一致性，甚至方向的父母 监禁的因果影响，特别是对高风险环境中的儿童。先前的研究 对经历父母监禁的影响的研究受到缩短的观察期的限制， 样本流失，监禁和儿童福利的自我报告措施，以及缺乏关于 刑事指控或监禁本身的背景。相反，拟议的研究将 构建两个全州范围内的出生队列（2000-2002年和2009-2011年出生的儿童， 大约400 000名儿童），以便对所有儿童的健康和发育情况进行评估， 从童年到成年早期。发展领域包括身体和 心理健康、认知/教育结果和（青春期和成年早期） 怀孕和生育、犯罪活动、教育程度和就业/收入。 在目标1中，我们评估了母亲和父亲监禁对儿童健康的影响 从出生到成年早期的幸福感。我们会将孩子们暴露在父母 在各种与事实相反的情况下（例如， 父母参与刑事司法系统但未被监禁的儿童）。我们 解释了与父母监禁和儿童 幸福我们还利用隔离因果效应的方法（例如，人内的 估计，工具变量）。在目标2中，我们调查了孕产妇和 黑人、白色人和西班牙裔人在健康和福祉方面的差距 注意社会和经济机会及待遇的差异 在刑事司法系统中，这是父母入狱风险差异的基础。 最后，在目标3中，我们评估了整体和种族/民族儿童的社会角色， 母亲或父亲监禁前的环境，以及环境的变化 在父母被监禁期间和之后，在解释父母如何和为谁 监禁可能会影响儿童的健康和福祉。我们认为社会的各个方面 环境包括生活安排（例如，与父母，与亲戚，在寄养） 在父母被监禁之前、期间和之后，以及经济资源和 这些环境中的护理人员特征。

PROJECT SUMMARY The proposed project will investigate the impacts of maternal and paternal incarceration on children’s health and wellbeing from birth to young adulthood. The most rigorous studies to date have not yielded a consensus on the magnitude, consistency, or even direction of parental incarceration’s causal effects, particularly for children in high-risk environments. Prior research on the effects of experiencing parental incarceration is limited by truncated observation periods, sample attrition, self-report measures of incarceration and child wellbeing, and lack of data on criminal charges or the context of incarceration itself. In contrast, the proposed study will construct two statewide birth cohorts (children born 2000-2002 and 2009-2011, totaling approximately 400,000 children), allowing for assessment of health and development at all stages of childhood and into early adulthood. Developmental domains include physical and mental health, cognitive/educational outcomes, and (in adolescence and early adulthood) pregnancy and parenthood, criminal activity, educational attainment, and employment/earnings. In Aim 1, we estimate impacts of maternal and paternal incarceration on children’s health and wellbeing from birth through early adulthood. We will compare children exposed to parental incarceration to the general population and to children in various counterfactual conditions (e.g., children whose parents are involved with the criminal justice system but not incarcerated). We account for observable factors that correlate with both parental incarceration and child wellbeing. We also leverage approaches for isolating causal effects (e.g., within-person estimation, instrumental variables). In Aim 2, we investigate the contributions of maternal and paternal incarceration to disparities in health and wellbeing for Black, white and Hispanic children, with attention to the differences in social and economic opportunities and treatment within the criminal justice system that underlie disparities in exposure to parental incarceration. Lastly, in Aim 3, we assess—overall and by race/ethnicity—the role of children’s social environments prior to maternal or paternal incarceration, and changes to their environments during and subsequent to parental incarceration, in explaining how and for whom parental incarceration may impact child health and wellbeing. We consider aspects of the social environment to include living arrangements (e.g., with a parent, with relatives, in foster care) before, during, and after parental incarceration, as well as the economic resources and caregiver characteristics within these environments.