Integrated Recall of Diet and Physical Activity in Children

描述（由申请人提供）：父母提供的关于孩子饮食摄入和/或身体活动（PA）的信息通常是不准确的，因为孩子在父母不在场的地方吃饭和身体活动（例如，在学校）。许多研究依赖儿童自我报告饮食或PA信息。据我们所知，只有一项验证性研究中，儿童同时回忆两者，但没有获得仅饮食或仅PA的回忆。饮食和PA的综合回忆应该通过促进正确的情景记忆而不是语义（一般）记忆来提高准确性。在验证性研究中，将自我报告的信息与来自独立于受试者记忆的方法的参考信息进行比较，可以发现饮食和PA报告中的错误。对于验证性研究，观察儿童吃校餐和使用加速度计测量PA分别为儿童在学校的膳食摄入量和PA提供了参考信息。目的1是开发、试点测试和验证一种访谈方案，以从儿童那里获得在学校发生的饮食摄入和PA的综合回忆。目的2是确定年级和保留间隔对饮食和/或PA访谈协议有效性的影响。目标时间段（关于哪些信息被报告）和采访时间（采访进行的时间）可能会因任何给定的采访而有所不同。目标时间和采访时间定义了记忆间隔（事件发生和采访之间的时间），它会影响回忆的准确性，因为一般来说，随着记忆间隔的增加，准确性会下降。一个探索性的目的是评估身体质量指数（BMI）和社会期望与我们的访谈协议的有效性的关系。从三年级和五年级儿童中收集的数据将包括：(1)学校膳食（早餐和午餐）期间的摄入量观察；(2)在上课时间使用加速度计测量PA；(3)关于饮食和PA的回忆，仅限饮食，或仅限PA；(4)社会可取性；(5)测量体重和身高。影响膳食回忆准确度的变量有：遗漏率和侵入率；影响能量和常量营养素（蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂肪）回忆准确度的变量有：对应率和膨胀率。PA回忆准确率的变量是强度加权的总PA、强度加权的中-强PA、总PA、中-强PA和强PA。研究问题有4个：1)儿童回忆准确性在多大程度上依赖于访谈内容（饮食和PA；仅饮食；仅PA）？2)儿童回忆的准确性在多大程度上取决于年级（三年级；五年级）？3)儿童回忆的准确性在多大程度上取决于保留间隔（下午访谈中关于同一上学日的记忆；上午访谈中关于上一上学日的记忆）？4)儿童的BMI百分位数和社会期望在多大程度上影响了回忆准确性的变化？由于儿童肥胖的流行，我们的方法项目是及时和创新的，需要评估饮食和PA。我们的结果将填补知识空白与经验证据适用于未来以学校为基础的肥胖预防研究。公共卫生相关性：研究人员需要一个有效的访谈协议，关注能量平衡方程的双方，以解决儿童肥胖流行病。对饮食摄入和身体活动的综合回忆可以提高儿童准确报告这些信息的能力，因为它可以促进报告正确的情景记忆，而不是对饮食和身体活动事件的语义（一般）记忆。我们的研究结果将用经验证据填补一些知识空白，并为未来基于学校的肥胖预防和健康促进研究提供一种省时的方法，这些研究依赖于儿童自我报告在学校（父母不在场的情况下）发生的饮食摄入量和身体活动。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Information provided by parents about their children's dietary intake and/or physical activity (PA) often is inaccurate because children eat meals and are physically active in locations at which parents are not present (e.g., at school). Numerous studies rely on children to self-report dietary or PA information. We know of only one validation study in which children simultaneously recalled both, but no recalls were obtained of diet only or PA only. An integrated recall of diet and PA should enhance accuracy by facilitating correct episodic memories rather than semantic (general) memory. Errors in reports of diet and PA can be identified in validation studies in which self-reported information is compared to reference information from a method independent of the subject's memory. For validation studies, observation of children eating school meals and measurement of PA using accelerometry provide reference information about children's dietary intake and PA at school, respectively. Aim 1 is to develop, pilot-test, and validate an interview protocol to obtain from children an integrated recall of dietary intake and PA that occur at school. Aim 2 is to determine the influence of grade and retention interval on the validity of our interview protocols for diet and/or PA. The target period (about which information is to be reported) and interview time (when the interview is conducted) may vary for any given interview. Target period and interview time define the retention interval (elapsed time between when the event[s] happen[s] and the interview), which influences recall accuracy because in general, as the retention interval increases, accuracy declines. An exploratory aim is to assess relationships of body mass index (BMI) and social desirability with the validity of our interview protocols. Data collected from 3rd- and 5th-grade children will include: (1) observations of intake during school meals (breakfast and lunch); (2) measurement of PA using accelerometry during school hours; (3) recalls about diet and PA, diet only, or PA only; (4) social desirability; and (5) measurement of weight and height. Variables for dietary recall accuracy for food items are omission rate and intrusion rate, and for energy and macronutrients (protein, carbohydrate, fat) are correspondence rate and inflation ratio. Variables for PA recall accuracy are intensity-weighted total PA, intensity-weighted moderate-to-vigorous PA, total PA, moderate-to-vigorous PA, and vigorous PA. There are 4 research questions: 1) To what extent does children's recall accuracy depend on interview content (diet and PA; diet only; PA only)? 2) To what extent does children's recall accuracy depend on grade (3rd; 5th)? 3) To what extent does children's recall accuracy depend on retention interval (about the same school day in an afternoon interview; about the previous school day in a morning interview)? 4) To what extent do children's BMI percentile and social desirability contribute to variability in recall accuracy? Our methodological project is timely and innovative due to the childhood obesity epidemic and need to assess both diet and PA. Our results will fill knowledge gaps with empirical evidence applicable to future school-based obesity prevention studies. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Investigators need a validated interview protocol that focuses on both sides of the energy balance equation to address the obesity epidemic in children. An integrated recall for both dietary intake and physical activity could enhance children's ability to accurately report this information because it could facilitate reporting of correct episodic memories rather than semantic (general) memory of the eating and physical activity events. Our results will fill several knowledge gaps with empirical evidence and provide a time-efficient approach for future school-based obesity prevention and health promotion studies that rely on children to self-report dietary intake and physical activity that occur at school (where parents are not present).