Hypercholesterolemia in Cardiac Function, Survival and Repair

描述（由申请人提供）：越来越多的机制和转化研究支持使用基于细胞的疗法来修复被梗死破坏的心肌组织并恢复心功能。在心肌梗死（MI）和心力衰竭的动物模型中，成年原始细胞群的几个表型不同的亚群已被证明可以改善心脏结构和功能。干细胞治疗的小型临床试验在缺血性心肌病患者中重现了这些有益效果。最近心脏干细胞（CSCs）的发现引发了人们对心脏修复/再生干细胞疗法发展的强烈希望，因为CSCs天生具有重建心脏组织的功能。在最近的研究中，我们发现冠状动脉内输送CSCs给急性或慢性心肌梗死大鼠和慢性心肌梗死猪，可以改善心功能并再生新的心肌细胞。然而，需要心脏修复治疗的人类患者通常具有一系列心血管危险因素，如高胆固醇血症（HC）、糖尿病、高血压等。随着最近对患者细胞治疗的兴趣激增，了解这些危险因素对细胞介导的心脏修复的影响是很重要的。特别是，HC是一个非常普遍的危险因素，并有助于一系列病理生理后果。因此，本提案的总体目标是研究HC对csc介导的心脏修复的影响。我们的基本假设是，根据具体情况，胆固醇在csc介导的心脏修复中可能是有益的，也可能是有害的。我们认为，血浆胆固醇的轻度升高或低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的最低氧化修饰形式的存在是心肌和csc的先决条件；由此产生的细胞植入的启动心肌微环境和预处理CSCs增强的旁分泌信号机制的组合协同工作，以增强csc介导的心脏修复。我们进一步提出，血浆胆固醇的显著升高或完全氧化形式的LDL-胆固醇的存在会引起CSCs和心肌的氧化损伤，导致细胞治疗心脏修复的功效丧失。我们将在3个特定目标下测试这些假设，使用体外培养的CSCs和心肌细胞，在不同修饰的ldl存在下，以及具有不同血浆胆固醇水平的心肌梗死大鼠模型。目的1将确定HC在体内对csc介导的心脏修复的影响；目的2将确定ldl对体外培养的CSC功能和修复能力的影响；目的3将确定体外不同ldl修饰的CSCs预处理是否会改变体内心脏修复治疗的疗效。鉴于血浆胆固醇是一个可改变的危险因素，但对细胞功能也是必不可少的，了解这一普遍危险因素对干细胞治疗的影响将具有翻译和机制的重要性。该项目将为具有心血管危险因素的患者开发基于细胞的心脏修复疗法提供急需的临床前框架。公共卫生相关性：越来越多的证据表明，在心肌梗死和心力衰竭的动物模型中，成体干细胞/祖细胞可以修复心肌，并具有功能益处。干细胞治疗人类心肌梗死和缺血性心肌病患者的小型临床试验已经概括了这些有益的效果。最近发现心脏本身含有心脏干细胞（CSCs），这引发了人们对开发最有前途的心脏修复干细胞疗法的强烈希望，因为CSCs天生具有重建心脏组织的功能。然而，在临床上，需要心脏修复治疗的患者大多与心血管危险因素有关，如高胆固醇血症、糖尿病、高血压等。随着最近对患者细胞治疗的兴趣激增，了解这些危险因素对干细胞介导的心脏修复的影响是很重要的。高胆固醇血症是最普遍的危险因素，并在生物系统中施加各种病理生理影响。在本应用中，我们将通过实验研究高胆固醇血症对csc介导的心脏修复的影响。我们将使用正常胆固醇血症和高胆固醇血症的大鼠心肌梗死模型。心肌梗死大鼠接受CSC治疗。通过超声心动图、血流动力学压力-容量导管和组织结构修复（包括形态学、免疫组织化学、光镜和共聚焦显微镜）的综合评价，评估CSC治疗心脏修复的疗效。无论我们的结果是“积极”还是“消极”，该项目将为临床前框架提供新的见解，以开发有效的基于细胞的治疗方法，用于心血管危险因素患者的心脏修复。鉴于血浆胆固醇是一种可改变的危险因素，对细胞功能至关重要，了解这一普遍危险因素对基于干细胞的心脏修复的影响将具有翻译和机制意义。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Mounting mechanistic and translational studies support the use of cell-based therapies to repair myocardial tissue destroyed by infarction and to restore cardiac function. Several phenotypically distinct subsets of adult primitive cell populations have been shown to improve cardiac structure and function in animal models of myocardial infarction (MI) and heart failure. Small clinical trials of stem cell therapy have recapitulated these beneficial effects in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Recent discovery of cardiac stem cells (CSCs) has sparked intense hope for the development of promising stem cell therapies for cardiac repair/regeneration because CSCs are inherently programmed to reconstitute cardiac tissue. In recent studies, we found that intracoronary delivery of CSCs to rats with either acute or chronic MI and to pigs with chronic MI ameliorated cardiac function and regenerated new cardiac cells. However, human patients needing cardiac reparative therapies generally possess an array of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia (HC), diabetes, hypertension etc. With the recent surge of interest in cell therapies for patients, it is important to understand the impact of these risk factors on cell-mediated cardiac repair. In particular, HC is a highly prevalent risk factor and contributes to a range of pathophysiological consequences. Hence, the overall goal of this proposal is to investigate the impact of HC on CSC-mediated cardiac repair. Our fundamental hypothesis is that depending on the specific conditions, cholesterol can be beneficial or detrimental in CSC-mediated cardiac repair. We propose that mild elevations of plasma cholesterol or the presence of the minimally oxidatively modified form of LDL-cholesterol precondition both the myocardium and the CSCs; the resulting combination of a primed myocardial microenvironment for cell engraftment and enhanced paracrine signaling mechanisms of preconditioned CSCs work in concert to enhance CSC-mediated cardiac repair. We further propose that marked elevations of plasma cholesterol or the presence of the completely oxidized form of LDL- cholesterol provoke oxidative injury to both the CSCs and the myocardium, leading to loss of efficacy of cell therapies for cardiac repair. We will test these hypotheses under 3 specific aims using both in vitro cultured CSCs and cardiomyocytes in the presence of differently modified LDLs and in vivo rat models of MI with different levels of plasma cholesterol. Aim 1 will determine the effects of HC on CSC-mediated cardiac repair in vivo; Aim 2 will determine the effects of LDLs on CSC function and reparative capability in vitro; and Aim 3 will determine whether pretreatment of CSCs with differently modified LDLs in vitro alters the efficacy of cardiac reparative therapy in vivo. Given that plasma cholesterol is a modifiable risk factor, but is also essential for cellular function, understanding the effects of this prevalent risk factor on stem cell-based therapies will have translational and mechanistic importance. This project will provide novel insights into a much-needed preclinical framework to develop cell-based therapies for cardiac repair in patients with cardiovascular risk factors. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Increasing evidence has demonstrated that adult stem/progenitor cells can repair myocardium with functional benefits in animal models of myocardial infarction and heart failure. Small clinical trials of stem cell therapy in human patients with myocardial infarction and ischemic cardiomyopathy have recapitulated these beneficial effects. Recent discovery that heart itself contains cardiac stem cells (CSCs) has sparked intense hope for the development of most promising stem cell therapies for cardiac repair because CSCs are inherently programmed to reconstitute cardiac tissue. However, in the clinical arena patients who need cardiac reparative therapies are mostly associated with cardiovascular risk factors such hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, hypertension etc. With the recent surge of interest in cell therapies for patients, it is important to understand the impacts of these risk factors on stem cell-mediated cardiac repair. Hypercholesterolemia is a most prevalent risk factor and imposes various pathophysiological impacts in the biological system. In this application, we will conduct experiements to investigate the impacts of hypercholesterolemia on CSC-mediated cardiac repaie. We will use both normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic rat models of myocardial infarction. Rats with myocardial infarction will receive CSC therapy. The efficacy of CSC therapy for cardiac repair will be assessed using comprehensive evaluation of myocardial performance including echocardiography and hemodynamic pressure-volume catheterization and tissue structure repair including morphology, immunohistochemistry, light and confocal microscopy. Regardless our results are "positive" or "negative", this project will provide novel insights into preclinical framework to develop effective cell-based therapies for cardiac repair in patients with cardiovascular risk factors. Given that plasma cholesterol is a modifiable risk factor and essential for cellular function, understanding the effects of this prevalent risk factor on stem cell- based cardiac repair will have translational and mechanistic importance.