Emotional dysfunction and childhood behavioral disturbance

本协议的目标是调查与儿童行为障碍相关的情绪功能障碍的神经认知基础；特别是极端行为障碍，还有注意力缺陷和多动障碍（ADHD）。我们正在用神经认知和神经影像学范式测试的功能假设是：(1)极端行为障碍，而不是多动症，与刺激-惩罚以及在较小程度上刺激-奖励关联信息的形成和操作使用障碍有关；(2)多动症，而非极端行为障碍，与与任务要求的表现和执行相关的执行系统的损伤有关。在解剖学层面上，我们预测极端行为障碍儿童在反应选择和情绪影响任务中情绪相关系统的激活减少（特别是杏仁核，眶额叶皮层和前扣带区域的激活减少）。我们预计ADHD儿童在这些任务中的神经反应将不那么异常。我们预计ADHD儿童在执行反应控制任务时的神经反应是异常的（前后代偿系统的招募相当大）。

The goal of this protocol is to investigate the neurocognitive underpinnings of the emotional dysfunction linked to childhood behavioral disturbance; in particular, extreme conduct disorder but also attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The functional hypotheses that we are testing with both neurocognitive and neuroimaging paradigms are that: (1) extreme conduct disorder, but not ADHD, is associated with dysfunction in the formation and operational use of, stimulus-punishment and to a lesser extent stimulus-reward association information; and (2) that ADHD, but not extreme conduct disorder, is associated with impairment in executive systems related to the representation and execution of task demands. At the anatomical level, we anticipate reduced activation of emotional related systems in children with extreme conduct disorder during response selection and emotional impact tasks (in particular, reduced activation of the amygdala, regions of orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate). We anticipate that the neural response of children with ADHD during these tasks will be less anomalous. We anticipate that the neural response of children with ADHD during the performance of response control tasks to be anomalous (with considerable greater recruitment of anterior and posterior compensatory systems).