Building on the success of the adoptive immunotherapy of cancer

癌症的免疫疗法：建立在成功的基础上。在我们对T细胞介导的抗肿瘤反应的分子和细胞基础的理解方面已经取得了实质性进展。T细胞是适应性抗肿瘤免疫应答的有效效应物。由肿瘤反应性CD8+ T细胞识别的一些靶抗原是突变抗原。调节T细胞活化、功能和记忆的分子信号正在被阐明。来自共刺激分子的正信号和负信号都已显示出塑造抗肿瘤应答。细胞因子，包括那些具有含有共同的精氨酸受体γ链的受体的细胞因子，已显示改变效应CD8+ T细胞的编程。我们还在研究能够破坏肿瘤的T细胞的代谢特征。此外，我们还研究了肿瘤细胞逃避T细胞识别的机制。今年，我们由国家癌症研究所癌症研究中心（CCR）的科学家领导的研究揭示了一种肿瘤可能继续生长的方式，尽管存在杀死癌症的免疫细胞。研究结果于2019年3月29日发表在《科学》杂志上，提出了一种提高免疫疗法治疗癌症有效性的方法。

Adoptive immunotherapy for cancer: building on success. Substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular and cellular bases of T cell mediated anti-tumor responses. T cells are potent effectors of the adaptive anti-tumor immune response. Some target antigens recognized by tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells are mutated antigens. The molecular signals that modulate T cell activation, function and memory are being elucidated. Both positive and negative signals from co-stimulatory molecules have been shown to shape the anti-tumor response. Cytokines, including those with receptors that contain the common cytokine-receptor gamma chain have been shown to alter the programming of effector CD8+ T cells. We are also characterizing the metabolic characteristics of T cells that are capable of destroying tumor. In addition, we have studied the mechanisms that tumor cells use to escape recognition by T cells. This year we our study led by scientists in the Center for Cancer Research (CCR) at the National Cancer Institute shed light on one way tumors may continue to grow despite the presence of cancer-killing immune cells. The findings, published March 29, 2019, in Science, suggest a way to enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapies for cancer treatment.