Reproducibility in simulation-based prediction of natural knee mechanics

计算建模已经成为学术研究和临床护理的常规和强大的策略。 因此，取得了重大的科学发现，推出了创新产品，以及 个性化的医疗保健服务已经成为一种可能。膝关节的科学和临床领域 生物力学也不例外。膝关节是骨科问题的主要部位，导致年度医生 数以千万计的访问量。建模和仿真提供了一条经济高效且快捷的途径 回应急切的医疗需要，恢复膝关节功能。然而，可重现性 模拟结果，为科学和临床决策提供信息，是值得怀疑的。再现性是一种 科学行为中的紧迫问题。对于建模和模拟，有额外的检查，特别是 希望重新利用和重复使用虚拟样本，以实现不同科学和临床领域的预期解决方案 有问题。建模和仿真工作流的重要部分包括模型开发、评估 和模拟。这一工作流程虽然基于客观的科学原则，但通常需要在 实现；因此依赖于建模师的知识和专业技能。这种“造型的艺术”可以是一种 重复性降低的根本原因。这项研究的目标是了解建模者如何 建立模型的选择，即使使用相同的数据，也可能影响预测，因此 模拟结果的重复性。五个建模和仿真团队将独立开发 基于相同数据集的膝盖计算模型，并模拟相同的场景，即 与科学和临床对膝关节生物力学的理解有关。理想情况下，预测关节和组织 机械师也会是一样的。在实践中，模型开发人员的技能和经验将反映他们的 模型选择；因此，将存在差异。拟议的活动将记录其规模 通过对模型组件和模拟结果的比较，找出这种差异的潜在来源。 该项目将检查和批评模型开发和模拟重现性的现状 关节和组织力学。这将转化为基于模拟的可靠的膝关节模型 在医疗器械和干预措施的硅胶设计和评估方面的发现。所需的交换 团队之间以及与公众之间的数据、模型组件和模拟结果也将影响 这类资源的开发者和用户。规范，以促进数据和模型交换并开发 为建模和仿真工作流程提供信息的数据和建模标准以及指南很可能会出现为 研究活动的副产品。研究人员是基于模拟的膝盖探查的领导者 生物力学，包括著名研究实验室和临床机构的代表 全世界。有了这个项目，他们将建立必要的科学严谨性来认识计算 建模和仿真作为膝关节研究和关节临床护理的可靠组成部分。

Computational modeling have become a routine and powerful strategy for academic research and clinical care. Consequently, significant scientific discoveries were made, innovative products were launched, and individualized delivery of healthcare has become a possibility. The scientific and clinical domain of knee biomechanics is no exception. The knee is a major site of orthopaedic problems resulting in annual physician visits on the order of tens of millions. Modeling and simulation offers a cost-effective and prompt path to respond to the pressing medical needs for restoration of knee function. However, the reproducibility of simulation results, to inform scientific and clinical decision making, is questionable. Reproducibility is a pressing issue in scientific conduct. For modeling and simulation, there is added scrutiny particularly with the desire to repurpose and reuse virtual specimens for prospective solutions of diverse scientific and clinical problems. A significant portion of modeling and simulation workflow includes model development, evaluation, and simulation. This workflow, while based on objective scientific principles, commonly requires intuition during implementation; therefore relies on the knowledge and expertise of the modeler. This ‘art of modeling’ can be a fundamental source of diminished reproducibility. The goal of this study is to understand how modelers’ choices to build models, even when using the same data, may influence predictions and therefore the reproducibility of simulation results. Five modeling and simulation teams will independently develop computational models of knees based on the same data sets and simulate the same scenarios, which are relevant to scientific and clinical understanding of knee biomechanics. Ideally, predicted joint and tissue mechanics will be the same. In practice, the skills and experiences of model developers will reflect upon their modeling choices; and as a result, discrepancies will exist. The proposed activity will document the magnitude and potential sources of such discrepancies through comparisons of model components and simulation results. This project will examine and critique the current state of model development and simulation reproducibility in joint and tissue mechanics. This will translate into reliable models of the knee joint for simulation-based discoveries and in silico design and evaluation of medical devices and interventions. The required exchange of data, model components, and simulation results among the teams and with the public will also impact developers and users of such resources. Specifications, to facilitate data and model exchange and to develop data and modeling standards, and guidance, to inform modeling and simulation workflows, will likely emerge as by-products of the research activity. The investigators are leaders in simulation-based explorations of knee biomechanics and include representatives of prominent research laboratories and clinical institutions worldwide. With this project, they will establish the necessary scientific rigor to recognize computational modeling and simulation as a dependable component of knee research and the joint's clinical care.