Psychological functions of music in infancy

项目总结/摘要 音乐是人类经验的标志。音乐是一种普遍存在的、古老的、独特的人类活动， 在社会中具有显着的多样性，并在生命早期具有特别重要的意义：婴儿有早熟 音乐感知能力和听音乐的积极性很高，而父母经常为婴儿制作音乐。为什么 我们是音乐家吗音乐的哪些特点决定了它对听众的影响？音乐可以用来改善婴儿和 父母健康？人类婴儿是无助的，需要父母的关注以确保他们的安全。简单的音乐形式， 婴儿引导的歌曲，可能是父母关注的一种有效形式。如果是这样的话，那么（1）婴儿指导的歌曲应该分享 所有人类文化的特征，（2）婴儿指导的歌曲应该可靠地减少婴儿的痛苦，（3）增加了婴儿的痛苦。 父母定期使用婴儿指导歌曲应改善婴儿气质和父母的幸福感。具体 这项研究的目的是解决这些预测中的每一个： 目的1：确定人类文化中婴儿引导歌曲的普遍声学特征。语料库 对来自100个社会的音频记录的分析将确定婴儿指导的歌曲的通用声学特征， 儿童和成人的实验将确定婴儿指导歌曲的表演风格和内容的共性。 目的2：测试婴儿引导歌曲调节婴儿苦恼的短期效果。与经典 方法从婴儿气质的研究，实验将测试婴儿指导歌曲的疗效，减少痛苦， 随机分配父母唱歌或说话的婴儿后，引起的痛苦和测试的潜伏期恢复， 痛苦进一步的实验分离出产生最大主效应的音乐的声学特征。 目的3：研究父母唱歌对婴儿气质和父母幸福感的长期影响。两 纵向研究将确定婴儿引导歌曲使用的增加对婴儿行为的因果影响， 父母的幸福婴儿数据将通过一个新的智能手机应用程序收集， 父母的焦虑、幸福感和自尊将通过内隐联想任务和自我报告进行测试。 冲击这项研究将为研究界创造各种有用的资源：一个新的，扩大的 来自许多小规模社会的音乐语料库;验证一种新的微创生理监测 用于婴儿的装置;测量婴儿从痛苦中恢复的新方法;婴儿痛苦的新视频语料库 诱导和恢复;以及一个新的智能手机应用程序，用于评估家中婴儿的气质。此外，这项工作将 提供了第一个系统的表征的声学特征，婴儿指导的歌曲，它将确定 音乐是否是调节婴儿行为的特别有效的手段，它将决定这种影响是否 推广到婴儿和父母健康的长期改善。这些结果将推动音乐基础科学的发展 并可直接应用于改善父母与婴儿互动的质量-这是家庭生活的一个关键问题 通过利用婴儿天生的感知音乐的能力和父母天生的产生音乐的能力，

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Music is a signature of the human experience. A ubiquitous, ancient, and uniquely human activity, music appears across societies with remarkable diversity and with particular significance early in the lifespan: infants have precocial music perception abilities and are highly motivated to listen to music, while parents often produce music for infants. Why are we musical? What features of music drive its effects on listeners? Can music be leveraged to improve infant and parent health? Human infants are helpless and need parents' attention to ensure their safety. A simple form of music, infant-directed song, may function as a potent form of parental attention. If so, then (1) infant-directed song should share features across all human cultures, (2) infant-directed song should reliably reduce infant distress, and (3) increases in the regularity of parents' use of infant-directed song should improve infant temperament and parent well-being. The specific aims of this research address each of these predictions: Aim 1: Determine the universal acoustical features of infant-directed song across human cultures. Corpus analyses of audio recordings from 100 societies will determine the infant-directed song's universal acoustical features, and experiments in children and adults will determine universals in performance style and content of infant-directed song. Aim 2: Test the short-term efficacy of infant-directed song for regulating distress in infants. With classic methods from infant temperament research, experiments will test infant-directed song's efficacy in reducing distress by randomly assigning parents to sing or speak to infants after distress is induced and testing the latency to recovery from distress. Further experiments isolate the acoustical features of music that produce the largest main effects. Aim 3: Examine long-term effects of parental song on infant temperament and parent well-being. Two longitudinal studies will determine the causal effects of increases in the use of infant-directed song on infant behavior and parent well-being. Infant data will be collected via a new smartphone app administering ecological momentary assessment and parent anxiety, happiness, and self-esteem will be tested via Implicit Association Tasks and self-reports. Impact. This research will create a variety of useful resources for the research community: a new, expanded corpus of music from many small-scale societies; validation of a new, minimally invasive physiological monitoring device for use in infants; a new method for measuring infant recovery from distress; a new video corpus of infant distress induction and recovery; and a new smartphone app for assessing infant temperament in the home. Further, this work will provide the first systematic characterization of the acoustical features that underlie infant-directed song, it will determine whether music is a particularly effective means of regulating infant behavior, and it will determine whether such effects generalize to long-term improvements in infant and parent health. These results will advance the basic science of music and may be directly applied to improving the quality of parent-infant interaction — a key concern for the lives of families with young infants — by leveraging infants' innate ability to perceive music and parents' innate ability to produce it.