Bloc transmission of viruses and implications for viral dynamics

冠状病毒出口研究-病毒溶酶体释放：

Coronavirus Egress Research- lysosomal release of viruses: We have identified as novel egress pathway exploited by coronaviruses. We have found that these viruses use lysosomes to be transported out of the cell. In the process of using lysosomes these viruses disrupt lysosomal function. We have found that this leads to profound defects in cell physiology including antigen presentation and may lead to the observed clinical abnormalities. Other posotive strand virus egress research=- en block release of viruses in vesicles. We identified differences in the host immune responses (innate and adaptive) when infected by bloc transmission versus single particle transmission. In summary when cells are infected with high multiplicities of viral genomes we find that they can no longer distinguish among entering non-self RNA and self RNA molecules, leading to an overall suppression of the innate immune response. This is a completely unexpected finding and upends much of what we know about innate immune responses and self/non-self RNA recognition. This study is now being submitted. We also found profound differences in the adaptive immune responses, specifically the mucosal immune response in the mammary glands of mothers whose pups were infected with free viruses versus vesicle-contained viruses. We are preparing a manuscript on this study.