Ultra Low Power Computing for Next Generation Implantable Smart Cardiac Pacemakers

标题：面向下一代的超低能耗计算 植入式智能心脏起搏器 项目摘要 心血管疾病是导致所有人类死亡的主要原因之一。人类心脏相关心律失常 通过设计用于监测的植入式人工起搏器，可以降低死亡率和发病率 控制心脏状态，调节心脏跳动。就在不久之前， 起搏器主要局限于监测来自心脏的信号，并通过人工辅助心脏操作 在检测到任何预定义的异常时进行起搏。最近，起搏器制造商开始 结合先进的功能，使起搏器更智能和更友好的用户。能量较低 无线连接，起搏器可以被编程为自动激活对心脏病专家的警报或 当紧急情况发生时，通过连接的智能手机或网络发送到医院。在未来， 无线连接还可以使心脏病专家能够远程调整起搏器的设置以 处理紧急情况或建议其他纠正措施。不幸的是，所有添加的新功能 这是以增加电力消耗为代价的。此外，植入物的无线连接 设备开启了黑客入侵的可能性。在心脏起搏器的情况下，黑客将能够恶意 重新设置起搏器的程序。这些设备安全威胁导致需要安全的通信通道。 起搏器内部的所有计算任务都由一个专用处理器完成。即将到来的一代 的起搏器预计将使处理器的工作负荷多样化，需求显著增加 计算能力。本研究旨在开发低能耗的计算方法和设计 能够使未来的心脏起搏器成为现实的方法。一种新的动态概念 计算是这项研究的一部分，它将使起搏器功率的降低成为可能 通过在软件中检测和消除低级算术/逻辑运算的重复来消耗 和硬件实现。通过识别重叠的计算步骤和可预测的数据流 大多数植入式心脏起搏器工作负荷中存在的模式，建议的设计方法 承诺增强性能并延长电池寿命。开发的技术的适用性将 在起搏器信号处理、安全和可靠性工作负载的背景下进行调查和测试。 美国每年植入近22.5万个永久性起搏器。电池中的电池 起搏器可以持续8-10年，起搏器本身在手术过程中被更换。这个 用于起搏器的超低能量计算技术的发展有望延长电池寿命 此外，这又将减少更换起搏器所需的外科手术的频率。 外科手术数量的减少也将拉低相关的医疗保健海岸。低谷 能量计算技术还可以使未来的起搏器添加更先进的功能，而不需要 牺牲电池寿命。 。

Title: Ultra Low Energy Computing for Next Generation Implantable Smart Cardiac Pacemakers Project Summary Cardiovascular diseases are one of the major causes of all human deaths. Arrhythmia related human cardiac mortality and morbidity can be reduced by the implantable artificial pacemakers that are designed to monitor the cardiac status and to regulate the beating of the heart. Not many years ago, the functionality of a pacemaker was mostly limited to monitoring signals from the heart and assisting its operation via artificial pacing when any predefined abnormality was detected. Recently, pacemaker manufacturers have started incorporating advanced features to make the pacemaker smarter and more user friendly. With low energy wireless connectivity, the pacemakers can be programmed to automatically activate alerts to the cardiologist or to the hospital via the connected smart phone or network when an emergency occurs. In the future, the wireless connectivity may also enable the cardiologist to remotely adjust the settings of the pacemaker to address the emergency or to recommend other corrective measures. Unfortunately all the added new features come at the expense of increased power consumption. Also, the wireless connectivity of the implantable devices opens up the possibility of hacking. In the case of pacemakers a hacker will be able to maliciously reprogram the pacemaker. These device security threats lead to the need for secure communication channels. The entire computational task inside a pacemaker is done by a dedicated processor. The upcoming generation of pacemakers is expected to both diversify the processor work-load and demand significantly increased computational capabilities. This research aims to develop low-energy computation methods and design methodologies that can enable future cardiac pacemakers to become a reality. A novel concept of dynamic computing is developed as a part of this research which will enable the reduction of pacemaker power consumption by detecting and eliminating repetitions of low level arithmetic/logical operations both in software and hardware implementations. By identifying overlapping computational steps and predictable data flow patterns present in most implantable cardiac pacemaker workloads, the proposed design methodologies promise enhanced performance and improvement in battery life. Applicability of the developed techniques will be investigated and tested in the context of pacemaker signal processing, security, and reliability workloads. Nearly 225,000 permanent pacemakers are implanted annually in the United States. The battery in a pacemaker can last 8-10 years and the pacemaker itself is replaced during a surgical procedure. The development of ultra-low energy computing techniques for pacemakers is expected to extend the battery life further, which in turn will reduce the frequency of the surgical procedures needed to replace the pacemaker. The reduced number of surgical procedures will also bring down the associated health care coast. The low energy computing techniques could also enable the future pacemakers to add more advanced features without sacrificing the battery life. .