Measles: A Global History

麻疹：一部全球史 项目摘要 麻疹是由一种非常稳定的病毒引起的，自20世纪60年代以来一直是可以预防的疫苗， 在美国第一个有效的麻疹疫苗商业化之后，但在第一个 几年--然后是几十年--麻疹疫苗接种，美国医学和公共卫生专家 开始评论疫苗接种如何明显地改变了麻疹的流行病学，改变了 受疾病影响最大和最小的地理、种族、年龄和收入群体。这常常是- 然而，做了观察，忽略了麻疹的悠久历史。已经存在了几千年， 麻疹总是受到它出现的时间和地点的影响。 城市化，殖民，贸易，战争，教育模式，待遇，以及其他社会，文化， 政治、科学和经济因素一次又一次地塑造和重塑麻疹，改变着 它从流行到流行到消灭再回来，从严重到轻微和严重 反之亦然，并从一个普遍的祸害变成童年的一个常见特征。在……时代 现代生物医学中，麻疹一再被描述为最致命和最 传染性疾病，以及最可根除的疾病之一-这是一个建立在 关于麻疹稳定性的假设，实际上是其数百年来故事的一小部分。 这个项目将通过跟踪中世纪的疾病来构建全球麻疹历史。 伊斯兰临床描述到当代关于消除这种疾病的斗争。该项目有三个 明确的目标。首先，它将出版第一本关于全球麻疹历史的书，重点是 扎根于空间和时间的麻疹概念和认知是如何使麻疹长期存在的 既是一种稳定的疾病，也是一种动态疾病。其次，它将分析麻疹在历史上的作用 现在所说的全球卫生的出现和发展。第三，它将审查和 阐明麻疹在控制其他疾病方面的现实和象征性历史意义 随着时间的推移，传染病，从天花到COVID。这本书将由Polity出版 面向学者、政策制定者、倡导者和公众的新闻和写作。 这一历史项目的研究方法包括二次来源合成法和 主要来源定位和分析。该项目利用了广泛的关于 传染病史、流行病史、医学史和全球卫生史。它的主要来源基础 由期刊、政府报告和科学论文数据库中的证据组成； 可通过数字方式查阅的文件、档案和手稿收藏；以及实体 档案收藏。它们的范围从Index Medicus到非洲在线数字图书馆和 从美国疾控中心的记录到世界卫生组织的档案。

Measles: A Global History Project Summary Measles is caused by a notably stable virus and has been vaccine preventable since the 1960s, following commercialization of the first effective measles vaccine in the U.S. But after the first several years—and then decades—of measles vaccination, U.S. medical and public health experts began to remark on how distinctly vaccination was changing measles's epidemiology, altering the geographic, racial, age, and income groups most and least affected by the disease. This oft- made observation, however, overlooked measles' long history. Extant for thousands of years, measles had always been shaped by the times and places in which it made its appearance. Urbanization, colonization, trade, war, schooling patterns, treatment, and other social, cultural, political, scientific, and economic factors shaped and reshaped measles over and over, changing it from epidemic to endemic to eliminated and back again, from “severe” to “mild” and vice versa, and from a universal scourge to a commonplace feature of childhood. In the era of modern biomedicine, measles has repeatedly been described as one of the deadliest and most contagious diseases, as well as one of the most eradicable—a scientific belief resting on assumptions about measles' stability that are in fact a small part of its centuries-long story. This project will construct a global history of measles by following the disease from medieval Islamic clinical descriptions to contemporary battles over its elimination. The project has three specific aims. First, it will produce the first book on the global history of measles, with a focus on how conceptions and perceptions of measles rooted in space and time have long made measles both a stable and dynamic illness. Second, it will analyze measles' historical roles in the emergence and development of what is now called global health. Third, it will examine and elucidate measles' practical and symbolic historical significance in efforts to manage other infectious diseases over time, from smallpox to COVID. The book will be published by Polity Press and written for an audience of academics, policymakers, advocates, and the public. Research methods for this historical project include both secondary source synthesis and primary source location and analysis. The project draws on a broad secondary literature on the histories of infectious disease, epidemics, medicine, and global health. Its primary source base consists of evidence from databases of periodicals, government reports, and scientific papers; digitally accessible documents, archives, and manuscript collections; and brick-and-mortar archival collections. These range from Index Medicus to the African Online Digital Library and from the records of the U.S. CDC to the archives of the WHO.