NEUROCOGNITIVE ANALYSIS OF REM SLEEP AND DREAMING

做梦是一种正常的人类精神状态，具有许多功能失调的特征。 和病理条件。 与精神病有着共同的主要症状 幻觉和妄想 在三种主要的精神病中， 更类似于器质性精神疾病的症状，而不是 精神分裂症或严重情感障碍。 伴随着精神错乱，做梦 四大形式特征：视幻觉、定向障碍、记忆 失落和虚构 因此，做梦可以被看作是一种典型的精神病 因为它是正常的，可以证明专业的功能基础。 精神病理学，包括最令人信服的“有机”。 本提案中所述研究计划的主要目标是 研究快速眼动睡眠，以便从细胞和分子方面详细说明 梦的独特形式特征。 该计划继续进行， 三个平行的分析层次：“（1）定量现象学 对人类受试者在自发或自发的情况下报告的梦的研究， 实验性的从睡眠中醒来;（2）心理的认知测试 感兴趣的能力（如记忆力和注意力）之前，期间和之后 （3）REM睡眠的神经生物学研究， 在动物模型中使用快速MRI技术的分子技术 在人类身上。 这三个层次是综合运用具体的理论 在过去的30年里， 年 作为我们的范例及其结果的一个例子，考虑 一个突出而强大的认知特征，叫做梦的奇异性。 作为 通过对梦境报告的定量分析，我们得出了一个 一种可靠的方法来检测这种梦的特征， 它对梦中人不连续性和/或不协调性敏感， 地点时间和行动 这种取向不稳定性现在可以 在几个层面上进行建模和研究;”在认知层面上，我们 研究内隐注意（定向功能）和语义启动（上 定向功能）。 我们最近的研究表明，梦的电子竞技可以 使用图论方法进行可靠分析， 视觉注意力，因为他们经历的主观性。 在 神经生理水平，我们正在研究PGO系统，因为它 在猫的定向反应中起作用;在人类研究中， 观察大脑后部和内部自发活动的变化 注意力系统在快速眼动睡眠和清醒时。 直接临床 这项工作的影响包括;了解和医疗控制 睡眠障碍，如嗜睡症和REM睡眠行为障碍; 理解和医疗控制这种症状状态，如恐慌 焦虑、注意力缺陷障碍、严重情感障碍（尤其是 抑郁症）和谵妄本身。 更间接但同样重要 其含义涉及一般状态空间模型开发，该模型可以 解释正常和病态精神状态的整个光谱， 功能术语。

Dreaming is a normal human mental state with many features of dysfunctional and pathological conditions. With psychosis it shares the major symptoms of hallucination and delusion. Of the three major classes of psychosis, it is more similar to the delinum of organic mental illness than to schizophrenia or major affective disorder. With delirium, dreaming shares four major formal features: visual hallucinosis, disorientation, memory loss and confabulation. Dreaming may thus be regarded as a model psychosis which, because it is normal, can demonstrate the functional basis of major psychopathology including that which is most convincingly "organic". The main goal of the research program described in this proposal is to study REM sleep so as to account, in detailed cellular and molecular terms for the distinctive formal features of dreaming. The program proceeds at three parellel levels of analysis:" (1) quantitative phenomenological studies of dreaming as it is reported by human subjects upon spontaneous or experimental awakening from sleep; (2) cognitive tests of the mental faculties of interest (e.g. memory and attention) before, during, and after sleep and; (3) neurobiological studies of REM sleep which use cellular and molecular techniques in an animal model and which use fast MRI techniques in humans. The three levels are integrated using the specific theoretical models that have been developed in this laboratory over the past thirty years. As one example of our paradigm and its results, consider the prominent and robust cognitive feature called dream bizarreness. As a result of our quantitative analysis of dream reports, we have developed a reliable method of detecting this dream feature and have been able to show that it is sensitive to discontinuity and/or incongruity of dream persons, places, times and actions. This orientational instability can now be modeled and investigated at several levels;" at the cognitive level we are studying covert attention (an orienting function) and semantic priming (on orientating function). We have recently shown that dream eports can be reliably analyzed using a graph theory approach that reliably shifts in visual attention as they are experienced subjectivity. At the neurophysiological level we are investigating the PGO system as it functions in the orienting response in cats; in human studies we are looking at shifts in the spontaneous activity of the posterior and interior attentional systems during REM sleep and waking. The direct clinical implications of this work include; understanding and medical control of sleep disorders such as narcolepsy and the REM sleep behavior disorder; understanding and medical control of such symptomatic states as panic anxiety, attention deficit disorder, major affective disorder (especially depression) and of delirium itself. More indirect but equally important implications relate to development of a general state space model that can explain the entire spectrum of normal and pathological mental states in functional terms.