Project B: Transmission I Vector Bionomics

摘要 过去五年来，在控制疟疾方面取得了重大进展， 全球疟疾死亡率下降60%，疟疾病例减少37%。尽管通过了消除 尽管许多国家采取了防治疟疾的战略，但撒哈拉以南非洲仍然承担着全球疟疾负担的大部分， 每年438，000例死亡中的90%以上发生在世界的这一地区。病媒控制是主要手段 虽然预防疟疾的工作取得了重大进展，但尽管继续提供此类干预措施， 地区造成这种情况的一个主要因素是矢量的空间和时间异质性， 在全球和国家范围内观察到的疟疾传播生物学和流行病学的差异。 昆虫学数据对于指导适当、有效和具有成本效益的疟疾干预措施至关重要， 可以确定现有控制措施的差距;然而，大多数疟疾流行国家的政府缺乏 对病媒动力学进行详细调查的资源。在基础设施的基础上， 专业知识和南部非洲ICEMR发展的关系，并利用4年多的 根据该研究产生的昆虫学数据，该项目旨在确定和推断病媒的风险， 在沿北大西洋的高传输环境中进行的方案控制的背景下， 赞比亚/刚果民主共和国边境和赞比亚南部的低传播环境。是 预计病媒组成和行为会因地理位置而异，导致流行病学不同 疾病在每一个地方。一个总的配置文件，包括室内和室外叮咬按蚊，重点是 二级载体，将提供更全面的了解载体生物学和残留 传输与人类行为数据重叠的载体活动将允许量化暴露， 无法通过室内定向干预来控制。人类吸引力的异质性将被研究 利用最先进的人类气味分析技术。我们将使用卫星获得的变量和气候数据， 固定气象站和遥感气象站， 研究范围扩大到无法进行昆虫学收集的地区。最后我们将 利用病媒蚊子中寄生虫遗传多样性的变化作为病媒控制成功的指标 在赞比亚和刚果民主共和国的高传播环境中减少传播。这些数据将有助于指导 在这些地区和具有类似生态的地区更好地确定防治干预措施的目标并对其进行评价。

Abstract Progress in the control of malaria has been substantial in the past five years, with estimated reductions in global deaths due to malaria at 60% and cases of malaria down by 37%. Despite the adoption of elimination strategies by many countries, sub-Saharan Africa still bears the majority of the global malaria burden, with more than 90% of the 438,000 annual deaths occurring in this part of the world. Vector control is the mainstay of malaria prevention, yet despite continued delivery of such interventions, transmission persists in many areas. A major factor contributing to this is the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of vectors that, in part, drive the differences observed in malaria transmission biology and epidemiology at both global and national scales. Entomological data is essential in guiding appropriate, effective, and cost-efficient malaria interventions and can identify gaps in existing control measures; however, most governments of malaria endemic countries lack the resources to carry out detailed investigations of vector dynamics. Building upon the infrastructure, expertise, and relationships developed by the Southern Africa ICEMR, and utilizing the more than 4 years of entomologic data generated under that study, this projects aims to define and extrapolate risk of vector exposure in the context of ongoing programmatic control at a high transmission setting along the northern Zambia/Democratic Republic of Congo border and at a low transmission setting in southern Zambia. It is expected that vector composition and behaviors will differ geographically, resulting in the varied epidemiology of disease in each setting. A total profile, including both indoor and outdoor biting anophelines, with a focus on secondary vectors, will provide a much more comprehensive understanding of vector biology and residual transmission. Vector activity overlaid with data of human behavior will allow quantification of exposure that cannot be controlled by indoor-targeted interventions. Heterogeneity in human attractiveness will be studied using state-of-the-art analyses of human odors. We will use satellite-derived variables and climate data from both stationary weather stations and those remotely sensed to generate entomological risk maps over time for the study areas and extend to areas where entomological collections cannot be conducted. Finally, we will utilize changes in parasite genetic diversity in vector mosquitoes as an indicator of successful vector control and reduction of transmission in high transmission settings in Zambia and the DRC. These data will help guide better targeting and evaluation of control interventions in these areas and areas with similar ecology.