Error-enhanced learning & recovery in 2 & 3 dimensions

中风幸存者最普遍的问题之一是运动障碍。最近的研究表明， 支持上肢功能相关活动的长期练习，即使治疗时间 受现行医疗经济体制的制约。该基金专注于人类的新发展- 机器人交互（触觉），揭示了运动教学和康复领域的前景。 专门的机器人设备与计算机显示器相结合，可以不知疲倦地施加力量，增强反馈， 并且重定向错误以加速、增强或触发运动再学习过程。这些方法 可以延长并大大增强恢复过程。 第一个策略，经常想到的教学动作是引导肢体沿着所需的 路径然而，一个有希望的替代方法是通过偏转它们来使运动更加困难 人们通过实践发展了抵制那些扭曲社会的力量的能力。 机械世界，如果这些力量被适当地设计和应用，就会出现所需的运动模式。 当这些力量最终被切断时。我们和其他人也得到了类似的结果， 使用棱镜或虚拟现实显示器的视觉世界。在这些研究中，受试者看到一些东西 意想不到的，被认为是一个错误。我们的研究结果指向一个统一的理论：错误诱导学习， 并且明智的错误增加（通过力或视觉失真）可以导致持久的期望变化。 有趣的是，这个过程似乎绕过了传统的学习机制，需要强烈的 注意力-如果受试者进行谈话或听音乐，结果是一样的。他们经常 就当是游戏吧 到目前为止，这项研究很少与功能相关，因为设备的运动范围 小，是二维的，缺乏适当的视觉界面。三维 运动带来了令人生畏的新挑战，即重力效应可能会减少（或者可能是 提高）错误增加训练的潜力。我们的实验室花了几年时间研制了一种大型的- 工作空间，三维触觉/图形系统。这笔赠款的目的是建立在我们的承诺， 证据的主体，并将我们的错误增强培训工作扩展到三个大型工作空间 尺寸.因此，下面的实验进一步完善了我们对误差增大的理解（Aim 1），将我们的方法扩展到三维（目标2），然后通过以下方式走向临床应用： 在中风幸存者身上测试我们的方法（目标3）。

One of the most pervasive problems for stroke survivors is movement deficits. Recent research strongly supports prolonged practice of functionally-relevant activities of the upper limb, even though therapy time is quite limited by the current medical economic system. This grant focuses on new developments in human- robot interactions (haptics) that have revealed prospects in the areas of motor teaching and rehabilitation. Specialized robotic devices combined with computer-displays can tirelessly exert force, augment feedback, and redirect error in order to speed up, enhance, or trigger the motor relearning process. These approaches could extend and greatly enhance the recovery process. The first strategy that often comes to mind for teaching movements is to guide the limb along the desired path. However, a promising alternative approach is to make movements more difficult by deflecting them from the desired path. People develop, through practice, the ability to counteract forces that distort the mechanical world, and if these forces are properly designed and applied, a desired movement pattern occurs when the forces are eventually switched off. We and others have also obtained similar results by distorting the visual world using prisms or virtual reality displays. In these studies, the subject sees something unexpected that is perceived as an error. Our results point to a single unifying theory: Errors induce learning, and judicious error augmentation (through forces or visual distortions) can lead to lasting desired changes. Interestingly, this process appears to bypass conventional learning mechanisms that require intense concentration - results are the same if the subjects have a conversation or listen to music. They often consider it a game. Until now very little of this research has been functionally relevant because the devices' ranges of motion were small, were two dimensional, and were lacking an appropriate visual interface. Three dimensional movements introduce the daunting new challenge of gravitational effects that could reduce (or perhaps heighten) the potential of error augmentation training. Our lab has spent several years developing a large- workspace, three dimensional haptics/graphics system. The aims of this grant are to build on our promising body of evidence and expand our error augmentation training work to a large workspace in three dimensions. Accordingly, the experiments below further refine our understanding of error augmentation(Aim 1), expand our approaches to three dimensions (Aim 2), and then move towards clinical application by testing our approaches on stroke survivors (Aim 3).