Tobacco Companies, Global Governance and Public Health

描述(由申请人提供)：烟草使用是最强的致癌物质之一，吸烟仍然是美国可预防的死亡的主要原因。烟草使用也是世界上可预防的死亡的主要原因，全球死亡率预计将从2005年的540万上升到2030年的830万。这一挑战刺激了州和联邦一级以及越来越多地在国际上采取实质性和创新性的公共卫生应对措施。尽管取得了这些进展，但全球政治经济的发展，包括贸易和全球治理方面的发展，继续给公共卫生带来挑战。旨在促进贸易的协议、国际金融组织的做法以及国家和超国家治理的更广泛趋势，都可能与公共卫生优先事项发生冲突。这一点在印度尼西亚最近向世界贸易组织(世贸组织)提出的针对《家庭吸烟预防和烟草控制法》第907条的仲裁请求中可见一斑。这种冲突有可能破坏烟草控制方面的进展。到目前为止，烟草文件研究(TDR)极大地提高了人们对行业战略的理解，这些战略主要是在国家一级破坏特定的烟草控制政策。然而，对于烟草公司如何通过更广泛的参与贸易和治理议程的战略，包括通过对经济和外交政策、国家和超国家监管程序、国际组织的影响以及通过与其他行业的合作，促进其全球利益，人们的理解仍然有限。对这些战略进行分析是充分了解烟草业影响的性质和程度以及促进全球健康关切与贸易、外交政策和发展议程之间的政策一致性的先决条件。此外，美国和其他许多实施了广泛烟草控制计划的国家在控制烟草流行方面仍然面临相当大的困难。因此，越来越需要针对烟草行业结构和策略的持续发展进行研究，以便为今后有效解决烟草使用问题所必需的更具创新性的政策发展提供信息。这个拟议的项目旨在：1.促进基于文件的研究的方法论发展，检查公司战略的连续性和变化，并制定烟草行业战略的分类以制定政策。2.审查贸易协定对烟草控制和全球健康的影响。3.分析行业为推行广泛的管制改革和影响非政府组织而作出的努力对烟草控制的健康影响，并审查更广泛地参与全球健康倡议。 与公共健康相关：减少烟草使用造成的损害的国家和国际努力有可能受到烟草公司的破坏，而全球治理的最新发展为烟草公司扩大销售和影响政策提供了机会。然而，对烟草公司如何参与经济、外交政策和发展议程，并利用和影响贸易协定、监管程序和民间社会组织以促进其利益的了解仍然有限。该项目将解决这些研究空白，并将通过审查烟草行业结构和策略的发展，为制定有效解决烟草使用问题所必需的创新政策选择提供信息。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Tobacco use is one of the strongest cancer-causing agents, and cigarette smoking remains the leading cause of preventable deaths in the United States. Tobacco use is also the world's leading cause of preventable death, with global mortality projected to rise from 5.4 million in 2005 to 8.3 million in 2030. This challenge has stimulated a substantial and innovative public health response, both at state and federal level and increasingly internationally. Notwithstanding such progress, developments in the global political economy, including in trade and global governance, continue to generate challenges for public health. Agreements designed to promote trade, the practices of international finance organizations and broader trends in national and supranational governance can each conflict with public health priorities. This is evident in the arbitration claim recently brought to the World Trade Organization (WTO) by Indonesia against Section 907 of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act. Such conflicts have the potential to undermine progress in tobacco control. Tobacco document research (TDR) to date has dramatically increased understanding of industry strategies to undermine specific tobacco control policies, largely at national level. Yet understanding remains limited of how tobacco companies advance their global interests through broader strategies of engagement with trade and governance agendas, including via influence over economic and foreign policy, national and supranational regulatory processes, international organizations, and through working with other industries. Analysis of such strategies is a precondition for fully understanding the nature and extent of tobacco industry influence and for promoting policy coherence between global health concerns and trade, foreign policy and development agendas. Furthermore, the US and many other countries that have implemented wide-ranging tobacco control programs still face considerable difficulties in controlling their tobacco epidemics. Research that addresses ongoing developments in tobacco industry structure and tactics is, therefore, increasingly required to inform more innovative policy developments that will be essential to effectively addressing tobacco use in the future. This proposed project aims to: 1. Contribute to the methodological development of document-based research, examine continuity and change in corporate strategy, and develop a taxonomy of tobacco industry strategies to shape policy. 2. Examine the implications of trade agreements for tobacco control and global health. 3. Analyze the health implications for tobacco control of industry efforts to introduce wide ranging regulatory reforms and to influence non-governmental organizations and examine broader engagement in global health initiatives. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: National and international efforts to reduce the damage from tobacco use risk being undermined by tobacco companies and recent developments in global governance which provide opportunities for tobacco companies to expand sales and influence policy. Yet understanding of how tobacco companies engage with economic, foreign policy and development agendas, and take advantage of and influence trade agreements, regulatory processes and civil society organizations in order to advance their interests remains limited. This project will address these research gaps and, by examining developments in tobacco industry structure and tactics, will inform the development of innovative policy options essential to effectively address tobacco use.