Regulation of Mitochondrial Fission and Fusion

细胞神经学单元的研究重点是一些神经退行性疾病的分子机制，包括线粒体疾病，肌张力障碍和遗传性痉挛性截瘫（HSP）。 这些疾病共同折磨着数百万美国人，在数年内不知不觉地恶化，其中许多人的治疗选择有限。 我们的实验室正在研究这些疾病的遗传形式，使用分子和细胞生物学方法来研究疾病基因的突变如何最终导致细胞功能障碍。 在这个项目中，我们强调研究细胞内线粒体形态的调节。事实上，调节线粒体形态的融合和裂变事件对于适当的线粒体功能是必不可少的，并且它们的调节在多种细胞功能中越来越多地被认识到。 哺乳动物的线粒体分裂事件由至少两种蛋白质协调：动力蛋白相关蛋白Drp1和膜整合蛋白Fis1。 线粒体融合的相互过程也需要发动蛋白超家族的大GTP酶：OPA1和线粒体融合蛋白Mfn1和Mfn2。 由于在遗传性神经系统疾病患者中发现了Drp1、Mfn2和OPA1的突变，并且在程序性细胞死亡过程中存在线粒体的显著片段化，因此对这些过程的调控的了解在临床上具有高度相关性。 2007年，我们发表了一项研究，证明Drp1蛋白的cAMP依赖性蛋白磷酸化调节其GTdR活性以及线粒体形态。 我们现在正在进行合作研究，重点是这种修饰在调节许多细胞内过程中的相关性，包括2008年发表的一项研究。此外，我们已经确定了Drp1蛋白内的SUMO化位点，目前正在使用显性负性方法来确定SUMO化在Drp1功能中的功能作用。 我们最近完成了一项关于Drp1 A395D突变的研究，该突变由于线粒体分裂明显减少而导致了致命的线粒体疾病。 在这项研究中，我们能够证明这种突变导致Drp1蛋白的高阶多聚体相互作用的丧失。最后，在正在进行的研究中，我们已经确定了一些Drp1相互作用的蛋白质，这些蛋白质可能参与细胞内线粒体的正确分布。 总之，这些研究继续为细胞内线粒体形态的调节提供重要见解，这是一个临床相关性和重要性日益增加的领域。

Research in the Cellular Neurology Unit focuses on the molecular mechanisms underlying a number of neurodegenerative disorders, including mitochondrial disorders, dystonia, and the hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs). These disorders, which together afflict millions of Americans, worsen insidiously over a number of years, and treatment options are limited for many of them. Our laboratory is investigating inherited forms of these disorders, using molecular and cell biology approaches to study how mutations in disease genes ultimately result in cellular dysfunction. In this project, we are emphasizing investigations into the regulation of mitochondrial morphology within cells. Indeed, fusion and fission events that regulate mitochondrial morphology are essential for proper mitochondrial function, and their regulation is increasingly recognized in diverse cellular functions. Mitochondrial fission events in mammals are orchestrated by at least two proteins; the dynamin-related protein Drp1 and the integral membrane protein Fis1. The reciprocal process of mitochondrial fusion also requires large GTPases of the dynamin superfamily: OPA1 and the mitofusins Mfn1 and Mfn2. Since mutations in Drp1, Mfn2, and OPA1 have been identified in patients with inherited neurological disorders, and there is prominent fragmentation of mitochondria during programmed cell death, insights into the regulation of these processes is highly relevant clinically. In 2007, we published a study demonstrating that cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation of the Drp1 protein modulates its GTPase activity as well as mitochondrial morphology. We now have collaborative investigations underway focusing on the relevance of this modification in the regulation of a number of intracellular processes, including one study that was published in 2008. In addition, we have identified the sites of sumoylation within the Drp1 protein and are currently using dominant-negative approaches to determine the functional role of sumoylation in Drp1 function. We have recently completed a study of the Drp1 A395D mutation that caused a neonatally fatal mitochondrial disorder due to markedly diminished mitochondrial fission. In this study, we were able to show that this mutation resulted in loss of higher-order multimeric interactions of the Drp1 protein. Lastly, in ongoing studies we have identified a number of Drp1-interacting proteins that may be involved in the proper distribution of mitochondria within cells. Together, these studies are continuing to provide critical insights into the regulation of mitochondrial morphology within a cell, an area of increasing clinical relevance and importance.