Advanced prediction methods for aircraft and vertical axis wind turbine design

本项目拟在前人研究成果的基础上，重点发展现有的或新的模型和方法，增强其结冰与反结冰现象的模拟和垂直轴风力机性能预测与优化的能力。作为飞行中的主要危险之一，结冰已被纳入飞机的设计、认证和操作规程。对于设计人员和认证机构来说，机身结冰的数值模拟正成为比风洞实验或飞行测试更经济实惠的替代方法。现有的二维和三维结冰代码非常有用，但其精度有待进一步提高。冰的生长物理必须真实地建模，与增加的形状/流场迭代。在这一领域，拟开展的研究将解决水撞击、结冰相关粗糙度、过冷大液滴飞溅和脱落以及热空气防结冰的数值模拟问题。最近的实验和数值研究证明，人们对评估和利用城市环境的风潜力越来越感兴趣，在城市环境中，风在建筑物附近加速，在较高的建筑物周围显著增加速度。这种“聚光器效应”可以用来转换，接近消费者，风力增强的能量。在这样的环境下，小尺寸（高达100千瓦）垂直轴风力涡轮机（VAWT）有一定的优势比水平轴类型，因此他们的使用是有利的。本文提出的风能相关研究涉及城市条件下VAWT性能的预测和优化。darrieus型VAWT转子也适用于潮汐发电，因为它们的旋转与水流方向无关，大大简化了必要的设备。拟议研究的结果（模型、方法和数值工具）将有助于加拿大航空航天工业建造能够在全天候条件下安全飞行的飞机，并增加加拿大能源资源中的可再生能源部分。

Based on previous achievements, the research proposed in this application will be focused on the development of existent or new models and methods, with enhanced capabilities, for the simulation of icing & anti-icing phenomena and vertical axis wind turbine performance prediction and optimization.Being a major hazard in-flight icing is included in the aircraft design, certification and operating regulations. For designers and certification authorities the numerical simulation of airframe icing is becoming a more affordable alternative to wind tunnel experiments or flight tests. Current two and three dimensional icing codes are very useful, but their accuracy needs further improvement. Ice growth physics must be realistically modeled, with accreted shape/flow field iteration. In this domain the proposed research will address problems of numerical simulation of water impingement, icing related roughness, splashing and shedding of supercooled large droplets as well as hot-air anti-icing.Recent experimental and numerical studies prove the growing interest in assessing and using the wind potential of urban environments, where wind accelerates near buildings and significantly gains in speed around the higher ones. This "concentrator effect" can be used to convert, close to the consumer, the wind's enhanced energy. In such environ-ments small size (up to 100 kW) Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT) have certain advantages over the Horizontal Axis type, hence their use is favored. The wind energy related research proposed here regards the prediction and optimization of the VAWT performances in urban conditions. The Darrieus-type VAWT rotors, are also suitable for tidal currents power generation, due to the fact that their rotation is independent from the direction of the flow, which greatly simplifies the necessary equipment.The results of the proposed research (models, methods and numerical tools) will help the Canadian aerospace industry to build airplanes able to fly safely in all-weather conditions and to increase the renewable energy part in Canada's energy resources.