Biochemical development of the fetus and neonate and maternal diet

早期营养在胎儿和新生儿的生长发育中起着重要作用，但令人惊讶的是，很少有研究调查那些在这些早期生物过程中起关键作用的营养物质和生长因子。历史数据表明，葡萄糖是发育中胎儿的主要代谢燃料，而胎儿糖原储备在预防新生儿发病率和死亡率，包括新生儿低血糖方面发挥着关键作用。然而，我们现在了解到，围产期早期暴露于羊水(AF)和牛奶中的一系列复杂的营养物质和生长因子，包括氨基酸、脂肪酸、生长激素和细胞因子，可以在围产期生长和器官系统发育中发挥重要作用，并且羊水和牛奶中发现的这种复杂的营养物质和生长因子阵列可以有助于围产期的早期规划，从而对发育产生长期的生物学影响。

Early nutrition plays an important role in fetal and neonatal growth and development, but surprisingly little research has investigated those nutrients and growth factors that play critical roles in these early biological processes. Historical data points to glucose as the principal metabolic fuel for the developing fetus and fetal glycogen reserves as playing a critical role in preventing neonatal morbidity and mortality including neonatal hypoglycemia. However, we now understand that early perinatal exposure to a complex array of nutrients and growth factors found in amniotic fluid (AF) and in milk, including amino acids, fatty acids, growth hormones, and cytokines, can play an important role in perinatal growth and organ system development and that this complex array of nutrients and growth factors found in both amniotic fluid and milk can contribute to early perinatal programming that can have long lasting biological consequences for development.