Networked hydrophone arrays for passive acoustic recording of underwater sound

水下声景，虽然一度被认为是安静的，但实际上是一个嘈杂的环境，充满了来自各种来源的声音，包括动物的繁忙活动和海洋的运动。 由于声音在水中的良好传播，无数的声音可以在各个方向传播很远的距离。 鱼类作为水生领域的主要脊椎动物物种，是生物来源的主要贡献者，在交配和领土环境中使用声发射（“呼叫”）发出信号。 虽然有大量的文献描述了海洋沃茨的声景，并使用呼叫输出来识别商业上重要的产卵集群，但对淡水声学以及这些物种如何在声学上相互作用知之甚少。 除了在确定重要物种的产卵群方面的重要性外，由于水下噪声源的数量不断增加，了解淡水中的水下声学的必要性至关重要。 在海洋环境中，自20世纪70年代以来，环境水下声音每十年增加3 dB，主要来自航运活动的增加。从商业和娱乐划船到加拿大五大湖生态系统中引用海上风电场的兴趣增加，人为噪声源的持续时间和强度都在增加。 虽然很明显，响亮的声音会扰乱鱼类的行为，甚至损害内耳，但更持续的声源的影响还不太清楚。随着该流域人为声音的增加以及声学在许多鱼类中的重要作用，加强对五大湖生态系统中声景的了解对于保护商业和生态上重要的鱼类至关重要。我们寻求网络水听器阵列的支持，使我们能够被动地记录水下声音，在加拿大的淡水海洋环境中进行声学通信和噪音污染的许多研究项目。

The underwater soundscape, while once thought to be quiet, is in fact a noisy environment filled with sounds coming from a variety of sources including the bustling activities of animals and the movements of the sea. This myriad of sounds can travel enormous distances in all directions due to the excellent transmission of sound in water. Fishes, as the predominant vertebrate species in the aquatic realm, are a prime contributor to the biotic sources, using acoustic emissions ("calls") for signalling in mating and territorial contexts. While there is a substantial body of literature describing the soundscape in marine waters and using call outputs to identify commercially-important spawning aggregations, there is much less known about freshwater acoustics and how these species interact acoustically. Apart from its importance in identifying spawning aggregations of important species, the necessity of understanding underwater acoustics in freshwater is vital due to increasing amounts of underwater noise sources. In the marine environment, ambient underwater sound has increased by 3 dB per decade since the 1970's, mainly from the increase of shipping activity. From commercial and recreational boating to increased interest in citing offshore wind farms in the Canadian Great Lakes ecosystem, anthropogenic noise sources are increasing in duration and intensity. While it is clear that loud bursts of sounds can disrupt fish behaviour and even damage inner ears, the effects of more sustained sound sources are less well understood. With the increase in anthropogenic sound in this basin and the important role of acoustics in many fish species, an enhanced understanding of the soundscape in the Great Lakes ecosystem is vital to protecting commercially and ecologically important fish species. We seek support for a networked hydrophone array to allow us to passively record underwater sound to conduct numerous research projects on acoustic communication and noise pollution in Canada's freshwater marine environment.