The Genomic Architecture of Adaptation and Human Induced Change

尽管自然选择进化论是在150多年前首次提出的，但我们对基因组水平的适应是如何发生的知之甚少。特别是在世界海洋等一些环境中，局部适应的普遍程度以及人类活动可能在多大程度上推动快速进化仍然是个谜。由于许多水生物种可以长距离游泳或漂流，传统上认为扩散可能会限制或阻止当地的适应。越来越多的证据表明事实并非如此。这项研究计划研究与适应相关的基因组变异如何在水生生物中在生物和地理上发生变化，并探索这种变异的原因和后果。DNA测序技术的技术突破使我们能够研究两个海洋无脊椎动物物种(大西洋扇贝、大鳞虾夷扇贝和欧洲青蟹)和一种淡水鱼(大西洋鲑鱼、鲑鱼)基因组中的数千个位置，并关注跨越气候、生活史和人类影响的个体。个体基因组将被扫描，以寻找自然选择的签名，从而使我们能够重建适应的架构，并准确定位推动进化的选择性力量。探讨的主题包括(1)气候变化对纬度基因组变化的影响(2)是什么使一些水生生物入侵比其他水生生物更成功，以及(3)局部适应、重组和扩散如何相互作用来推动进化。物种的适应能力和多样化适应组合的存在对物种和种群的健康和持久性至关重要。这项工作将加深我们对适应规模的理解，并突出角色选择，包括自然和人为诱导在塑造水生种群方面的作用。

Despite the fact a theory of evolution by natural selection was first proposed over 150 years ago, we know very little about how adaptation occurs at the genome level. Particularly in some environments such as the world's oceans, how common local adaptation is and the degree to which human activities may drive rapid evolution remain mysteries. As many aquatic species can swim or drift large distances, it's traditionally been assumed that dispersal may constrain or prevent local adaptation. Increasingly evidence is mounting to the contrary. This program of research examines how genomic variation associated with adaptation varies biologically and geographically in aquatic organisms, and explores causes and consequences of this variation. Technological breakthroughs in DNA sequencing technology allow us to examine thousands of sites across the genomes in two marine invertebrate species (Atlantic Sea Scallop, Placopecten magellanicus and European Green Crab, Carcinus maenas) and one anadromous fish (Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar) and focus on individuals spanning gradients of climate, life history, and human influence. Individuals genomes will be scanned for signatures of natural selection allowing us to reconstruct the architecture of adaptation and pinpoint selective forces driving evolution. Themes explored include (1) effect of climate change on latitudinal genomic variation (2) what makes some aquatic invasions more successful than other, and (3) how local adaptation, recombination, and dispersal interact to drive evolution. The ability of species to adapt and the presence of a diverse adaptive portfolio is central to the health and persistence of species and populations. This work will enhance our understanding of the scale of adaptation, and highlight the roles selection, both natural and human induced play in shaping aquatic populations.