Regulation and role of CYP2A isoenzymes in hepatocellular stress

细胞通过开启编码蛋白质的基因来对环境中的不利条件做出反应，这些蛋白质最终提供对细胞损伤的保护。 在这种所谓的“应激反应”中被开启的基因的功能正变得越来越好地表征，并且参与了变得未折叠的伴侣蛋白、受损细胞膜的替换和受损蛋白的降解。 此外，我们对在细胞损伤期间打开和关闭这些应激基因的复杂途径的理解也越来越清楚。 尽管如此，我们仍在继续识别新的应激基因和信号通路，揭示细胞如何感知其生理状态并适应以抵御不利条件。

Cells respond to hostile conditions in their environment by switching on genes that code for proteins that ultimately provide protection against cellular injury. The function of genes that are turned on in this so-called "stress response" are becoming increasingly well characterized and are involved in chaperoning proteins that become unfolded, replacement of damaged cellular membranes and degradation of damaged protein. In addition, our understanding of the complex pathways that switch these stress genes on and off during cell injury is becoming clearer. Nonetheless, we continue to identify new stress genes and signaling pathways revealing how a cell senses its physiological state and adapts to provide defense against unfavorable conditions.