The physics of dark sector, dark matter, dark energy and inflation

粒子物理(SM)和广义相对论(GR)的标准模型可以说是历史上经过最好检验和最成功的科学理论。它们对在地球、太阳系和恒星上观察到的已知物理提供了连贯的描述。它们一起解释了早期宇宙在大爆炸核合成过程中形成的轻元素的模式，并提供了一个坚实的框架来考虑宇宙学问题。然而，正是因为我们如此了解它们，我们现在确定SM和GR对我们的宇宙提供了一个不完整的描述。从宇宙学上，我们现在有了强有力的证据：(I)暗物质的丰度大约是普通原子丰度的六倍；(Ii)早期宇宙发生了类似膨胀的时代，孕育了形成我们今天观察到的宇宙结构的涟漪；(Iii)今天的宇宙由暗能量主导，这导致其膨胀率增加而不是减少。

The standard model of particle physics (SM) and general relativity (GR) are arguably the best tested and most successful scientific theories in history. They provide a coherent description of known physics observed on Earth, in the solar system, and in the stars. Together, they account in exquisite detail for the pattern of light elements forged in the early Universe during big bang nucleosynthesis and provide a solid framework to consider cosmological questions. Yet, precisely because we understand them so well, we are now certain that the SM and GR provide an incomplete description of our Universe. From cosmology, we now have strong evidence: (i) that the abundance of dark matter is roughly six times larger than the abundance of ordinary atoms; (ii) that an epoch like inflation occurred in the early Universe to seed the ripples that grew to form the structures in the Universe we observe today; (iii) that the Universe today is dominated by dark energy which is causing its expansion rate to increase rather than decrease.