Functional organization and plasticity of the visual cortex in mammals

大脑的可塑性不仅对学习和记忆是必要的，而且还能让大脑迅速适应环境的变化或受伤。哺乳动物的复杂行为依赖于多个大脑区域之间的合作，特别是在皮层水平上，神经元网络参与或不参与对外部或内源性刺激的反应。在视觉系统中，皮层分析首先发生在初级视觉皮层水平，然后通过串行和并行流在高阶区域继续进行。所有视觉区域都包含了视觉世界的表现（部分或完整），并以地形的方式组织（视觉主题地图）。此外，在某些物种中，可以在皮质区域观察到功能性亚组织（例如，眼优势、定向模块）。正是通过这些分布式网络的协同活动，动物才能够理解视觉场景，将其信息与其他感官模式相结合，所有这些都是为了采取适当的视觉运动行为。这项研究计划的总体目标是确定大脑网络如何被感官经验调节，以及它们如何适应侮辱。作为第一步，我的实验室将专注于具有特定皮层特征的物种（小鼠，兔子和树鼩）视觉皮层结构功能的比较研究（以模块组织的功能图与盐和胡椒组织的功能图）。我们将确定环境如何改变视觉大脑的连通性和功能，以及它是否能通过恢复可塑性来促进损伤的恢复。环境富集（Environmental enrichment， EE）是调节和增强可塑性的有力手段。我们假设，这种富集将导致视觉定位图和皮质模块的大规模功能细化，以及皮质视觉网络不同区域之间耦合（相互关联）的增加。我们还假设，情感表达会在网络的一个组成部分受到侮辱后促进网络重组。我们将利用最近在实验室开发的制图技术。光学脑成像（固有和电压敏感染料）将用于可视化视觉区域的活动，以及它们在休息和刺激诱导状态下在环境富集前后的功能连接。一系列复杂程度不同的视觉刺激将被用来强调视觉皮层网络中对刺激类型的特定敏感性。这些实验将与电生理记录一起进行，并辅以功能磁共振成像研究。实验将在成年或发育期间将动物置于丰富的环境中进行。该计划将有助于我们了解环境对大脑连接和功能的影响，并增加我们对神经元可塑性的认识。结合脑成像、光遗传学和电生理学，在系统发育的背景下研究新皮层的发育、结构和功能，将提供一个创新的多学科培训环境。

Brain plasticity is necessary not only for learning and memory but also to allow the brain to rapidly adapt to changes in the environment or to injuries. Complex behavior of mammals relies on the cooperation between multiple brain areas, particularly at the cortical level where neuronal networks are engaged or disengaged in reaction to external or endogenous stimuli. In the visual system, the cortical analysis occurs first at the level of the primary visual cortex and continues in higher-order areas through serial and parallel streams. All visual areas contain a representation (partial or complete) of the visual world and are organized in a topographic way (visuotopic maps). Further, in some species, a functional sub-organization can be observed in cortical areas (e.g. modules of ocular dominance, orientation). It is through the concerted activity of these distributed networks that an animal is able to interpret a visual scene, integrate its information with other sensory modalities, all in order to adopt the proper visuomotor behaviour. The overall goal of this research program aims to determine how brain networks can be modulated by sensory experience and how they can adapt to insults. As a first step, my lab will focus on the comparative study of the structure-function of the visual cortex in species (mice, rabbits and tree shrews) with specific cortical characteristics (functional maps organized in modules vs. a salt and pepper organization). We will determine how the environment changes the visual brain’s connectivity and functioning and if it can promote recovery from lesions by reinstating plasticity. Environmental enrichment (EE) is a powerful implement to modulate and enhance plasticity. We hypothesize that enrichment will induce a large-scale functional refinement of visuotopic maps and cortical modules as well as an increase in the coupling (cross-correlation) between the different areas of the cortical visual network. We also hypothesize that EE will facilitate network reorganization following an insult to one of its component. We will take advantage of mapping techniques developed recently in the laboratory. Optical brain imaging (intrinsic and voltage-sensitive dyes) will be used to visualize the activity of the visual areas as well as the functional connectivity between them in resting and stimulus- induced states before and after the enrichment of their environment. A range of visual stimuli varying in their complexity will be used to highlight specific sensitivity to stimulus types within the visual cortical network. These experiments will be made in conjunction with electrophysiological recordings and complemented by fMRI studies. Experiments will be performed using animals placed in an enriched milieu either in adulthood or during their development. The proposed program will contribute to our understanding of the impact of environment on brain connectivity and function and increase our knowledge on neuronal plasticity. The combination of brain imaging, optogenetic, and electrophysiology to study the development, structure and function of the neocortex in a phylogenetic context will provide an innovative multidisciplinary training environment.