Large lake hydrodynamics and mixing

五大湖拥有世界上20%的淡水。这些水被4000万人口用于饮用水、废物处理、交通、娱乐、农业、渔业、发电和工业。对这一资源的过度需求已导致43个令人关切的地区水质严重受损，并实施了补救行动计划(自1989年以来耗资10亿美元)。 湖泊修复和管理的一个基本方面是需要了解作用于分配营养物质和氧气、入侵物种、鱼苗以及污染物和沉积物传输的水的运动。这些动力学的复杂性很难理解和计算建模，因为大量的耦合过程作用于从&gt；100千米(平均环流)到&lt；1厘米(湍流)的尺度，并且必须采用简化策略。几十年的研究使人们对大型湖泊中发生的大规模循环模式有了了解。然而，重大的知识差距仍然存在： A)大型湖泊中的平均水流如何、何时、何地产生湍流混合？ B)湍流混合如何导致通过大型湖盆的质量传输？ C)大型湖泊中可能受到污染的沉积物将在何时何地重新悬浮？ D)我们能否用计算湖泊管理模型准确地再现混合/输送过程？ 这项研究计划的目标是培养出知识、高素质的毕业生和建模工具，帮助回答这些问题，并更好地管理我们的淡水资源和世界各地其他大型湖泊地区的淡水资源。通过这项研究计划，4名博士生和5名硕士研究生将接受加拿大咨询业和政府机构所需的工程和专业技能培训。

The Great Lakes contain 20% of the world's fresh surface water. The water is used for drinking, waste disposal, transportation, recreation, agriculture, fisheries, power generation and industry by a population of 40 million people. Excessive demands on this resource, have resulted in 43 Areas of Concern where water quality is severely compromised and Remedial Action Plans have been implemented (>$1 billion since 1989). A fundamental aspect of lake remediation and management is a need to understand the motion of the water acting to distribute nutrients and oxygen, invasive species, fish larvae, and transport of contaminants and sediments. The complexity of these dynamics is difficult to comprehend and model computationally, because a vast number of coupled processes are acting over scales ranging from >100s of km (mean circulation) to <1 cm (turbulence), and simplifying strategies must be adopted. Decades of research have led to an understanding of the large-scale circulation patterns occurring in large lakes. However, significant knowledge gaps remain: a) How, when and where is turbulent mixing generated from the mean flow in large lakes? b) How does turbulent mixing lead to mass transport through a large lake basin? c) When and where will there be re-suspension of potentially contaminated sediments in large lakes? d) Can we accurately reproduce the mixing/transport processes with computational lake management models? The objective of this research program is to produce the knowledge, highly qualified graduates, and modeling tools that will help answer these questions and better manage our fresh water resources and those of other large lake regions worldwide. Through this research program, 4 PhD and 5 Masters students will be trained in the engineering and professional skills needed by Canada's consulting industry and government agencies.