The Genomic Architecture of Adaptation and Human Induced Change

尽管自然选择的进化理论在150多年前首次提出，但我们对基因组水平上的适应是如何发生的知之甚少。特别是在世界海洋等一些环境中，局部适应有多普遍以及人类活动可能在多大程度上推动快速进化仍然是一个谜。由于许多水生物种可以游泳或漂流很远的距离，传统上认为分散可能会限制或阻止当地适应。越来越多的证据表明情况恰恰相反。这个研究项目研究了水生生物中与适应相关的基因组变异是如何在生物学和地理上发生变化的，并探讨了这种变异的原因和后果。DNA测序技术的技术突破使我们能够检查两种海洋无脊椎动物物种（大西洋扇贝，麦哲伦Placopecten magellanicus和欧洲绿蟹，Carcinus maenas）和一种溯河鱼类（大西洋鲑鱼，Salmo salar）的基因组中的数千个位点，并专注于跨越气候，生活史和人类影响的个体。个体基因组将被扫描，以寻找自然选择的特征，使我们能够重建适应的结构，并精确定位驱动进化的选择力量。探讨的主题包括：(1)气候变化对纬度基因组变异的影响；(2)是什么使一些水生入侵比其他水生入侵更成功；(3)当地适应、重组和扩散如何相互作用推动进化。物种的适应能力和多样化的适应组合的存在对物种和种群的健康和持久性至关重要。这项工作将增强我们对适应规模的理解，并强调在塑造水生种群中自然和人类诱导的角色选择。

Despite the fact a theory of evolution by natural selection was first proposed over 150 years ago, we know very little about how adaptation occurs at the genome level. Particularly in some environments such as the world's oceans, how common local adaptation is and the degree to which human activities may drive rapid evolution remain mysteries. As many aquatic species can swim or drift large distances, it's traditionally been assumed that dispersal may constrain or prevent local adaptation. Increasingly evidence is mounting to the contrary. This program of research examines how genomic variation associated with adaptation varies biologically and geographically in aquatic organisms, and explores causes and consequences of this variation. Technological breakthroughs in DNA sequencing technology allow us to examine thousands of sites across the genomes in two marine invertebrate species (Atlantic Sea Scallop, Placopecten magellanicus and European Green Crab, Carcinus maenas) and one anadromous fish (Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar) and focus on individuals spanning gradients of climate, life history, and human influence. Individuals genomes will be scanned for signatures of natural selection allowing us to reconstruct the architecture of adaptation and pinpoint selective forces driving evolution. Themes explored include (1) effect of climate change on latitudinal genomic variation (2) what makes some aquatic invasions more successful than other, and (3) how local adaptation, recombination, and dispersal interact to drive evolution. The ability of species to adapt and the presence of a diverse adaptive portfolio is central to the health and persistence of species and populations. This work will enhance our understanding of the scale of adaptation, and highlight the roles selection, both natural and human induced play in shaping aquatic populations.