Lithium ion batteries for auxiliary power units in transportation systems: from physical modeling to optimal operation

该提案的主题是通过材料的物理建模来推进电池技术， 过程和操作。该项目支持合作公司Cool-It Hi Way Services， 为重型运输应用开发电池供电的辅助动力装置（APU）。 这些APU允许无怠速供电，以提供供暖、通风和空调需求， 驾驶休息。无怠速APU市场的增长取决于先进电化学技术的发展 功率单元（电池、燃料电池、超级电容器）能够显著降低成本，高能效， 降低油耗，在典型气候和重载负载条件下的运行时间长 车辆.为了实现这些实际的目标，我们将开发一个分层的物理建模方法。我们 模型将在从活性粒子到电极的一系列尺度上整合结构细节和过程 以及电池单元。模型的中心模块用一个统计粒子来表示电池电极 模型基于Fokker-Planck理论的形式主义将被用来描述动态粒子 人口平衡这种通用的形式主义将允许结构退化的主要原因， 化学、机械和热应力源。它将在以后的项目阶段中与以下方面联系起来： 一维电极模型和热模块。容量和功率衰减、故障模式和电池循环寿命将 根据初始电池布局和结构、提供的外部条件和循环进行分析 应用的协议。建模见解将提供一个新的电池管理系统的开发， 将优化基于电池的APU的动态响应。该工具，包括详细的文档，将 以可执行程序的形式提供给CIHWS。此外，我们将发展技术经济， 成本建模工具的辅助动力装置在运输系统，将纳入结果的电池模型。

The theme of this proposal is advancement of battery technology through physical modeling of materials, processes, and operation. The project supports the collaborating company, Cool-It Hi Way Services, in the development of battery-powered auxiliary power units (APUs) for heavy-duty transportation applications. These APUs allow idle-free power supply to provide heating, ventilation and air-conditioning needs during driving breaks. Growth of the idle-free APU market hinges on the development of advanced electrochemical power units (battery, fuel cell, supercapacitor) that enable markedly reduced cost, high energy efficiency, reduced fuel consumption, and long operating time under typical climate and load conditions of heavy-duty vehicles. To achieve these practical goals, we will develop a hierarchical approach in physical modeling. Our model will integrate structural details and processes over a range of scales from active particles to electrodes and to battery cells. The central module of the model represents battery electrodes by a statistical particle model. A formalism based on Fokker-Planck theory will be employed to describe the dynamic particle population balance. This versatile formalism will allow leading causes of structural degradation, driven by chemical, mechanical and thermal stressors, to be incorporated. It will be linked in subsequent project phases to a 1D electrode model and a thermal module. Capacity and power fade, failure modes, and battery cycle life will be analyzed in dependence of initial battery layout and structure, external conditions provided and cycling protocols applied. Modeling insights will furnish the development of a new battery management system that will optimize the dynamic response of battery-based APUs. This tool, including a detailed documentation, will be provided to CIHWS in the form of an executable program. Moreover, we will develop a techno-economic cost-modeling tool for APUs in transportation systems that will incorporate results of the battery model.