The Strategic Use of Heat Pumps and Thermal Storage for Residential Demand-side Management

空调和家用热水负荷占加拿大住宅能源使用的80%以上。这些负载在冬季早晨（空间加热和热水使用）和夏季下午（空间冷却）对公用电网产生了显著的峰值能量需求。这对电网产生了一些负面影响，包括增加了所需的生产能力和配电能力。因此，由于基础设施老化和容量迅速接近，减少电网峰值能源需求在未来十年至关重要。作为回应，安大略和新斯科舍省（占加拿大人口的41%）的公用事业提供商在高峰期实施了费率溢价（即，使用时间计费）。这种做法是为了鼓励消费者将用电从高峰期转移到非高峰期。

Space conditioning and domestic hot water loads account for over 80 percent of the residential energy use in Canada. These loads place significant peak energy demand on the utility grid during winter mornings (space heating and hot water use) and summer afternoons (space cooling). This has a number of negative impacts on the electricity grid, including an increase in required production capacity and distribution capabilities. As a result, reducing peak energy demand on the grid is paramount over the next decade due to infrastructure aging and rapidly approaching capacity. In response, utility providers in Ontario and Nova Scotia (accounting for 41% of Canada’s population) have implemented rate premiums during peak periods (i.e., time of use billing). This practice is used to encourage consumers to shift their electricity use from on-peak to off-peak periods.