Solids Deposition from Paraffinic Mixtures: Investigation of 'Cold Flow' in Pipelines

大多数能源消耗预测表明，全球石油需求将继续增长。然而，新的原油储集层很深，位于近海，含有重油，基础设施和运营复杂且成本高昂。深水石油生产面临的一个严重挑战是固体或蜡沉积，众所周知，这会导致管道和工艺设备堵塞，每年需要数亿美元来控制和修复它。众所周知，管道已经被废弃，因为被蜡沉积物堵塞。石蜡沉积是一个复杂的过程，涉及石蜡的液-固相变，受冷却或结晶速度、剪切应力、热传递速度和油组成的影响。

Most energy consumption forecasts suggest a continued growth in the worldwide petroleum demand. However, new crude oil reservoirs are deep, located offshore and contain heavy oils, with complex and costly infrastructure and operations. One serious challenge with deep-water petroleum production is the solids or wax deposition, which is known to cause plugging of pipelines and process equipment, requiring hundreds of millions of dollars annually for its control and remediation. Pipelines are known to have been abandoned because of becoming plugged with wax deposit. Wax deposition is a complex process, involving liquid-to-solid phase transformation of paraffins, which is influenced by cooling or crystallization rates, shear stress, the rate of heat transfer, and the oil composition.