Synthesis of Isotopically Labelled Natural and Unnatural Amino Acids

同位素标记的天然和非天然氨基酸广泛用于一系列生物有机化学研究，例如许多酶和各种生化过程的机理研究。此外，它们在多肽和蛋白质中的掺入可用于在原子水平上研究蛋白质，氘化化合物也广泛用作质谱分析的参考物作为内标。同位素标记的氨基酸也用于结构基因组学，使用生物分子核磁共振来研究蛋白质的结构和功能在很大程度上依赖于使用稳定的同位素标记的蛋白质。为了将稳定同位素标签整合到这些蛋白质中，研究人员在多种方法中使用标记的氨基酸，包括肽合成、无细胞蛋白质合成和微生物培养基生长。标记的氨基酸提供了将13C， 15N和/或氘标记纳入蛋白质的能力。

Isotopically labelled natural and unnatural amino acids are widely used in a range of bioorganic chemical studies, such as the mechanistic studies of many enzymes and various biochemical processes. In addition, their incorporation into peptides and proteins can be useful in the investigation of proteins at the atomic level and deuterated compounds are also widely used as references in mass-spectrometry as internal standards. Isotopically labelled amino acids are also used in structural genomics, the use of biomolecular NMR to study protein structure and function relies heavily on the use of stable isotope labeled proteins. In order to incorporate the stable isotope label into these proteins, researchers use labeled amino acids in a variety of methods that include peptide synthesis, cell-free protein synthesis, and microbial growth by media. Labeled amino acids provide the ability to incorporate 13C, 15N, and/or deuterium labels into the protein.