Fuel Minimization and addition of Solar Arrays for Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) with parallel configuration

混合动力电动车辆（HEV）包括电动机、逆变器、电池组和具有其燃料箱的内燃机（ICE）。在Plugin HEV（或PHEV）中，车载电池充电器增加了外部连接器底座，允许用户从120 V或240 V AC插座为电池充电。在过去的两年中，许多PHEV已经进入消费市场（例如丰田普锐斯混合动力插件），其特征是短的全电动范围（和低电池尺寸）与长的混合动力范围。这是一个仍然需要研究的领域。在混合动力并联配置中，电动机和内燃机（ICE）同时提供车辆牵引所需的机械扭矩。内燃机和电动机驱动装置的额定功率均低于车辆的总额定功率，从而可以大幅减少内燃机的质量和体积。申请人所做的早期研究集中于在具有总车辆标称功率的给定ICE额定值的这种并联PHEV上实施的功率共享策略。研究表明，为实现最低燃料消耗而实施的功率共享策略应以渐进式电池耗尽为目标，仅在行程结束时获得最低电池荷电状态。发现全EV操作和ICE-EV操作之间的最佳转换可由扭矩阈值T_lim定义，扭矩阈值T_lim是电动机转速的函数，但也取决于驾驶循环、行程长度和电池初始充电状态。该策略不同于常规的基于规则的策略，常规的基于规则的策略在进入电荷维持模式之前强制完全电池耗尽。 在本提案中，我们将研究如何通过改变并联配置中的电动机驱动功率额定值来影响采用扭矩阈值实现的燃油消耗最小化策略，以及相反地，扭矩阈值策略将如何影响电动机功率与最小传动系统质量的车辆额定功率之比。其次，我们将研究太阳能电池板对PHEV屋顶的影响，同质入射太阳能将如何影响为实现最低燃料消耗而实施的功率共享策略，以及整体入射太阳能辐射进一步降低燃料消耗的潜力。第三，我们将研究波动阴影对车辆上铺设的太阳能电池板的各个部分的影响，因为车辆位置在有树木和建筑物的城市环境中可能导致部分阴影条件。对于所有光伏电池串联连接的情况，仅一个电池上的阴影点将导致能量吞吐量的全局退化。光伏阵列的孤岛效应及其影响将在这里考虑。

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) include an electric motor, an inverter, a battery pack, and an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) with its fuel tank. In the Plugin HEV (or PHEV), an on-board battery charger is added with an external connector dock, allowing the user to charge the battery from the 120V or 240V AC outlet. During the last 2 years, a number of PHEVs have entered the consumer market (e.g. Toyota Prius Hybrid Plugin), which feature a short all-EV range (and low battery size) with a long hybrid range. This is an area where research is still necessary. In the hybrid parallel configuration, the electric motor and Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) simultaneously provide the mechanical torque required for the vehicle traction. The ICE and electric motor drive each have a nominal power rating lower than the vehicle total power rating, allowing substantial reduction in the ICE mass and volume. Earlier research done by the applicant has focused on the power-sharing strategies to be implemented on such parallel PHEV with a given ICE rating of the total vehicle nominal power. The research has shown that the power-sharing strategy to be implemented for minimum fuel consumption should target progressive battery depletion with the minimum battery State of Charge obtained only at the end of the trip. The optimal transition between All-EV operation and ICE-EV operation was found to be definable by a torque threshold T_lim, which is a function of the electric motor rotational speed, but also dependent upon the driving cycle, the trip length and the battery initial state of charge. This strategy is different from the conventional rule-based strategy, which forces a complete battery depletion before entering a charge sustaining mode. In this proposal, we will examine how the fuel consumption minimization strategy with torque threshold implementation is affected by varying the electric motor drive power nominal rating in the parallel configuration and, inversely, how the torque threshold strategy developed will affect the ratio of electric motor power over vehicle power rating for minimum drivetrain mass. Secondly, we will investigate the effect of solar panels on PHEV rooftops, how a homogenous incoming solar power will affect the power sharing strategy to be implemented for minimum fuel consumption and the potential of the overall incoming solar radiation to reduce fuel consumption even more. Thirdly, we will investigate the effect of fluctuating shading on various part of the solar panels laid out on a vehicle, given that the vehicle location in an urban environment with trees and buildings may lead to partly shaded conditions. For the condition where all photovoltaic cells are connected in one series, a shade spot on only one cell will lead to a global degradation of the energy throughput. Islanding of PV arrays and its effect will be considered here.