Beam Background Monitors for the Belle II Experiment

Belle II实验将在日本筑波的KEK实验室的SuperKEKB e+e对撞机上进行。它是Belle和Babar成功实验的继承者，这两个实验因在2008年诺贝尔物理学奖上对CP破坏现象的贡献而受到表彰。Belle II的主要物理目标是通过广泛的测量寻找新物理的证据，这些测量对重虚拟粒子的存在很敏感，并且可以在标准模型中准确预测。这些测量可能包括CP破坏和其他不对称、罕见衰变或禁忌衰变。 这些测量的质量覆盖范围可以超过ATLAS和CMS的直接搜索。如果在大型强子对撞机上发现了新的物理学，Belle II可以通过寻找偏离标准模型的模式来探索它的本质，这种模式在强子对撞机上是不可行的。如果大型强子对撞机没有发现新的物理，Belle II的测量将通过发现新的现象和偏离标准模型预期的情况，或者通过排除新物理的假设模型，来为超越标准模型的理论提供关键指导。Belle II也会对新的轻粒子的直接产生很敏感，包括暗物质的暗扇区模型预测的那些粒子，或者额外的希格斯粒子，这些粒子在大型强子对撞机上很难检测到。实验还将继续探索弱力和CP破坏，巴巴尔和贝尔成功遵循了这一计划。 所要求的资金将使加拿大集团能够开发和提供永久性硬件，用于在Belle II电磁量热计附近进行快速实时SuperKEKB束流背景监测。该系统将由Lyso晶体组成，这种晶体不易辐射，具有快速的定时响应，从而为加速器操作员提供了对多种粒子类型中快速变化的注入背景的敏感度。通过使用一组光导，允许单个多路复用光电倍增组件在辐射和磁场水平较低的位置提供信号读出，远离嵌入在电磁量热计屏蔽层内的背景探测器，将实现在Belle II实验运行期间延长系统运行时间。 这项研究将进一步加深世界范围内对我们宇宙中物质的基本成分的粒子物理学知识。本申请中的加拿大设计和制造的硬件将构成百丽II实验的一部分，并将为高素质人员提供独特的培训，这些人员具有更强的能力，为加拿大未来的知识获取和私营和公共部门的经济利益创新做出贡献。

The Belle II experiment will be located at the SuperKEKB e+e- collider at the KEK laboratory in Tsukuba, Japan. It is the successor to the successful Belle and BaBar experiments, which were cited for their contributions to the phenomenon of CP violation in the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics. The primary physics goal of Belle II is to search for evidence of new physics through a wide range of measurements that are sensitive to the presence of heavy virtual particles, and that can be precisely predicted in the Standard Model. These measurements could include CP violation and other asymmetries, rare decays, or forbidden decays. The mass reach of these measurements can exceed that of the direct searches by ATLAS and CMS. If new physics is found at the LHC, Belle II can explore its nature by looking for a pattern of deviations from the Standard Model in ways that are not feasible at a hadron collider. If new physics is not discovered at the LHC, Belle II measurements will provide critical guidance towards beyond-the-standard-model theories by either discovering new phenomena and deviations from Standard Model expectations, or by excluding hypothesized models of new physics. Belle II will also be sensitive to the direct production of new light particles, including those predicted by dark sector models of dark matter, or additional Higgs particles, particles that will be difficult to detect at the LHC. The experiment will also continue the exploration of the weak force and CP violation, a program successfully followed by BaBar and Belle. The funds requested will enable the Canadian group to develop and provide permanent hardware for fast real-time SuperKEKB-beam background monitoring in the vicinity of the Belle II electromagnetic calorimeter. The system will consist of LYSO crystals, which are radiation hard and have fast-timing responses, thereby providing accelerator operators with sensitivity to quickly varying injection backgrounds manifesting in multiple particle types. Longevity of the system's operations over the lifetime of the Belle II experiment's run periods will be achieved by using a set of light guides to permit a single multiplexed photo-multiplication component to provide signal readout in a location with reduced radiation and magnetic-field levels, remote from the background detectors embedded inside the electromagnetic calorimeter's shielding. This research will further worldwide particle-physics knowledge of the fundamental constituents of matter in our Universe. The Canadian designed and built hardware in this request will constitute a part of the Belle II experiment and will provide unique training of highly qualified personnel, individuals with enhanced capacity to contribute to future Canadian knowledge acquisition and economically beneficial innovation in the private and public sectors.