Neuroelectronic and optogenetic stimulation for the precise control of corticospinal plasticity

通过神经可塑性，成人大脑具有不断适应和形成新回路的奇妙能力。当我们背诵课文或练习乐器时，我们会利用这一现象。正如“熟能生巧”这句话所说明的那样，重复一种活动是巩固这种活动的关键因素。多项研究表明，神经活动的重复可以导致突触增强，遵循赫布在60多年前确定的原则，通常被概括为“一起放电、连接在一起的神经元”。尽管我们对活性依赖的突触可塑性的理解取得了进展，但我们仍然对其在体内大规模系统中表达的原理知之甚少。

Through neuroplasticity, the adult brain has the wonderful ability to continually adapt and form new circuits. We take advantage of this phenomenon when we memorize a text or when we practice a musical instrument. As the phrase "practice makes perfect” illustrates, repeating an activity is the key element that allows its consolidation. Several studies have shown that the repetition of neural activity can lead to synaptic potentiation following the principles identified by Hebb more than sixty years ago, often summarized as "neurons that fire together, wire together”. Despite progress in our understanding of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, we still understand very little about the principles underlying its expression in large-scale in vivo systems.