Spatio-temporal-polarization control of ultrafast laser interactions

随着我们制造的结构和设备变得更小，纳米科学和纳米技术正在随着新的物理定律而发展。量子水平的效应体现在以新的方式来操纵材料的电、磁、光学、机械-几乎所有的属性-以令人惊讶但极其有用的方式。光学物理和量子光学体现了这些趋势，在近场、共焦、等离子体和多光子显微镜领域，分辨率远远低于经典衍射极限，促使2014年因超分辨率光学显微镜而获得诺贝尔化学奖。这些工具正在开辟纳米科学的前沿，使纳米结构的形成、询问和操作能够精确到单分子大小，而激光投影光刻已经定义了纳米技术的前沿，用于大规模制造晶体管栅宽为10 nm-仅有几个原子厚的微电子芯片(TSMC，2017)。

Nanoscience and nanotechnology are evolving with the new physical laws encountered as the structures and devices we make become smaller. Quantum-level effects manifest in new ways to manipulate electrical, magnetic, optical, mechanical – virtually all – properties of materials in surprising but exceedingly useful ways. Optical physics and quantum optics have embodied these trends to push resolving power well below the classical diffraction limit in areas of near-field, confocal, plasmatronic and multi-photon microscopy, prodding an Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2014 for super-resolution optical microscopy. Such tools are opening the frontiers of nanoscience by enabling the formation, interrogation and manipulation of nanostructures down to the size of single molecules while laser projection lithography has come to define the nanotechnology forefront for high-volume manufacturing of microelectronic chips with transistor gate widths of 10 nm – just a few atoms thick (TSMC, 2017).