Strong notions of nonclassicality: experimental signatures and applications

量子论是大多数现代物理学的基础，但对于它在概念上与经典理论的区别，人们仍然没有达成共识。这不是一个学术问题。在许多任务中——尤其是在密码学和计算方面——量子协议的表现优于经典协议，但对量子理论的糟糕直觉阻碍了我们利用其力量的能力。对于跨学科研究来说，这个问题也很尖锐，因为物理学的不同分支经常使用不同的量子理论公式来定义经典性。最后，在量子效应被认为是重要的新兴领域，如量子生物学和量子机器学习，尚不清楚必须证明什么才能确定给定现象不受经典解释的影响。所有这些都表明，需要一种超越领域和公式的非古典主义统一理论。

Quantum theory underlies most of modern physics, but there is still no consensus about the manner in which it departs conceptually from classical theories. The question is not academic. For many tasks -- in particular in cryptography and computation -- quantum protocols outperform their classical counterparts, but poor intuitions about quantum theory impede our ability to harness its power. The problem is also acute for interdisciplinary research, as different branches of physics often use formulations of quantum theory that differ in their approaches to defining classicality. Finally, in emerging fields where quantum effects are thought to be significant, such as quantum biology and quantum machine learning, it remains unclear what must be demonstrated to establish that a given phenomenon resists classical explanation. All of this points to the need for a unified theory of nonclassicality that transcends fields and formulations.