Topology and Superconductivity In and Out of Equilibrium

凝聚态物理学领域关注的是理解和控制材料的性质。 材料的性质是由物质的微观组成部分-电子和原子决定的。 微观世界是由量子力学而不是经典力学的定律所支配的，并且是用专门为许多粒子系统（每立方厘米10^22个原子的数量级）开发的工具进行数学描述的。 这些工具已经存在了60多年，并且在从微观角度预测传导和磁性等性质方面非常成功。 特别是，朗道的费米液体理论描述了电子在有序的原子晶格中运动。 在这个框架中，非常普遍的论点允许物理学家对物质状态进行分类，并研究不同状态之间的转换。

The field of condensed matter physics is concerned with understanding and controlling the properties of materials. Material properties are determined by the microscopic components of matter - electrons and atoms. The microscopic world is governed by the laws of quantum mechanics, rather than classical mechanics and is described mathematically with tools specifically developed for systems of many particles (of the order of 10^22 atoms per cubic cm). Such tools have existed for over 60 years and have been very successful in predicting properties like conduction and magnetism from microscopic considerations. In particular, Landau's Fermi liquid theory describes the electrons as they move through an ordered lattice of atoms. In this framework very general arguments allow physicists to classify states of matter and study transitions between different states.