Scour at culvert outlets under ice cover and ice jam conditions

设计和建造公路系统的主要考虑因素之一是通过涵洞系统输送支流排水。有关涵洞出口急流冲刷的调查已进行了数十年。各种研究都考察了影响冲刷程度的许多冲刷参数，但对寒冷地区涵洞出水口设计和冲刷控制的研究还很有限。在严酷的冬季气候下，涵洞可能会完全被进水口覆盖，也可能在早春面临冰堵，这可能会导致堤坝洪水和过度冲刷。此外，由于冰盖和冰塞的附加边界，涵洞内的流场不同于明渠条件下的流场。由于冰盖和冰塞对涵洞出口的过度冲刷会导致堤坝洪水泛滥，从而可能导致高速公路坍塌。涵洞进水口被遮盖和堵塞的影响从来没有被认真地解决过。此外，还没有可用的实验或数值模拟来研究覆盖条件下沟内的流动情况。

One of the major considerations in the design and construction of a highway system is the conveyance of tributary drainage through a culvert system. The investigation of scour by swift-flowing water at culvert outlets has been on-going for several decades. Various studies have examined many scour parameters that affect the degree of erosion; however, there is limited research on culvert outlet design and scour control in cold regions. Culverts may become fully inlet-covered in rigid winter climates and may also face ice jamming in early spring, which can result in embankment flooding and excessive scour. Additionally, due to the extra boundary imposed by ice cover and ice jam, the flow field inside the culvert is different from that under open channel conditions. Excessive scour at culvert outlets due to ice cover and ice jamming cancause embankment flooding, which can result in highway failure. Theimpact of covered and jammed culvert inlets has never been addressedexperimentally. Furthermore, there are no available experimental ornumerical simulations to investigate the flow profiles inside theculvert under covered conditions.