Hybrid AC/DC Distribution Systems; Control, Protection and Cyber Physical Security

随着能源行业进入智能电网时代，负载的性质从纯粹的交流（AC）到交流和直流（DC）的混合发生了根本性的变化。这对混合AC/DC配电系统的实际实施产生了新的需求。伴随这些变化的是传统的交流配电系统向混合AC/DC有源配电系统（ADS）的转变。这些ADS托管分布式和可再生发电机组、储能设备、负载管理控制器、电网自动化设备以及具有无缝集成特性的算法。虽然直流配电已广泛应用于飞机、船舶和通信中心等不同领域，但该技术仍处于早期阶段，其在配电系统中的技术和经济可行性还有待进一步研究。特别地，将DC系统集成到现有AC基础设施中以及这种新的发展中的混合AC/DC范例的操作是重大挑战，特别是操作、控制、保护和安全方面。该提案旨在促进混合AC/DC网络与现有智能配电系统的无缝集成。这一目标将通过提供几项深入研究来实现，以审查整合的障碍，并提供有助于实现提案目标的有力和可靠的控制。该提案将侧重于开发一种规划方法，以确定混合AC/DC有源配电系统的最佳布局和设计。此外，该计划将重点开发分散式和分布式的创新强大的电源管理控制技术，这将导致混合AC/DC网络的无缝运行。由于直流故障电流的特征是其非常高的变化率和高幅度，峰值通常在2 ms内达到，因此该计划将通过实施创新的行波技术来解决保护挑战，以确保快速识别和分配直流故障。将开发一种快速、灵敏和有选择性的直流故障检测，能够与交流侧相对较慢的保护方案相协调。最后，AC/DC配电系统对网络物理攻击的免疫力将被评估。将调查对电压/无功和保护系统的可能威胁。该提案将侧重于开发一个网络物理安全模型，该模型能够在统一框架内整合动态系统和威胁模型。该计划将有助于实现加拿大安全可靠的配电系统的愿景，同时也专注于可再生能源的整合。该计划将有助于培训HQP，从而为能源部门的不同公用事业提供技术人员。

As the energy sector enters the era of smart grids, the nature of loads have radically changed from pure Alternating Current (AC) to a mix of AC and Direct Current (DC). This has created a new demand for the practical implementation of hybrid AC/DC distribution systems. Accompanying these changes is the transformation of conventional AC distribution systems into hybrid AC/DC Active Distribution Systems (ADSs). These ADS host distributed and renewable generation units, energy storage devices, load management controllers, grid-automation devices, and algorithms with seamless integration characteristics. Although DC distribution of power has been widely implemented in different applications, such as aircrafts, shipboards, and communication centers, the technology is still in its early stages, and its technical and economic feasibility with respect to distribution systems needs to be studied further. In particular, the integration of DC systems into existing AC infrastructure and the operation of this new evolving hybrid AC/DC paradigm are a significant challenge, particularly the operation, control, protection, and security aspects. This proposal aims to facilitate the seamless integration of hybrid AC/DC networks into existing smart distribution systems. This aim will be achieved through providing several in-depth studies to examine the barriers of integration and to provide robust and reliable controls that will help in achieving the proposal goal. The proposal will focus on developing a planning methodology that will identify the optimal layout and design of the hybrid AC/DC Active Distribution System. In addition, the program will focus on developing innovation robust power management control techniques, both decentralized and distributed, that should lead to the seamless operation of hybrid AC/DC networks. As the signature of DC fault currents is their very high rate of change and high magnitude, with peaks usually attained within 2 ms, this program will address the protection challenge through the implementation of innovative traveling wave-based techniques to guarantee the fast identification and allocation of DC faults. A fast, sensitive, and selective DC fault detection that is capable of coordinating with the relatively slow protection schemes on the AC side will be developed. Finally, immunity of the AC/DC distribution system to cyber physical attacks will be evaluated. Possible threats to Volt/Var and protection systems will be investigated. The proposal will focus on developing a cyber–physical security model that is capable of integrating dynamic systems and threat models within a unified framework. The program will help in achieving the Canadian vision of secure and reliable distribution system while also focusing on renewable energy integration. The program will help training HQP thus providing skilled individuals to different utilities in the energy sector.